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Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, III[1, 2]

Male 1031 - 1093  (62 years)


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  • Name Máel Coluim mac Donnchada 
    Suffix III 
    Nickname King of Scot... 
    Born 26 Mar 1031 
    Address:
    Dunkeld
    Dunkeld, Scotland 
    Christened Escorial, Madrid, Spain Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Gender Male 
    Christening Escorial, Madrid, Spain Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Christening Escorial, Madrid, Spain Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Christening Escorial, Madrid, Spain Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Christening Escorial, Madrid, Spain Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Occupation King of Scotland 
    Occupation King of Scotland, 1057-1093 
    Occupation King of Scots, King of Scotland 
    Occupation Kung av Skottland 
    Occupation Kung av Skottland 
    Occupation Roi, d'Ecosse, 5ʻ, 17/3/1058, /13 novembre 1093 
    Occupation Malcolm III, King of Scotland, 1057-93 Find all individuals with events at this location 
    unknown 
    Occupation King of Scotland Find all individuals with events at this location 
    unknown 
    Occupation 1058  Scotland Find all individuals with events at this location 
    King 
    Address:
    Scotland
    Scotland 
    Occupation 1058 
    unknown 
    Residence Scotland Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Died 13 Nov 1093  Slain Alnwick Castle Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Address:
    Alnwick
    Alnwick, England 
    Buried 13 Nov 1093 
    Address:
    KY12 7PE Dunfermline
    Dunfermline, Scotland KY12 7PE
    United Kingdom 
    Notes 
    • {geni:about_me} http://www.friesian.com/perifran.htm#england

      '''Máel Coluim mac Donnchada''' (Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh), Anglicised Malcolm III, in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, (c.1031[6] - 13 November 1093), King of Scots.

      * Parents: Donnchad mac Crínáin & Suthen

      Spouses and children:
      * Ingebjorg Finnsdóttir
      ** 1. Duncan II of Scotland, suceeded his father as King of Scotland
      ** 2. Donald
      * Margaret 'Ætheling' of England
      ** 1. Edward, killed 1093.
      ** 2. Edmund of Scotland
      ** 3. Ethelred, abbot of Dunkeld
      ** 4. King Edgar of Scotland
      ** 5. King Alexander I of Scotland
      ** 6. King David I of Scotland
      ** 7. Eadgyth of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England
      ** 8. Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne

      ==LINKS==

      *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland

      *http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B

      *http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/dunkeld_2.htm

      CAWLEY'S MEDIEVAL LANDS:

      >King Duncan I & his wife, Sibylla of Northumbria, had:

      >>1. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Malcolm-III-King-of-Scots/6000000005029367221?through=6000000000424732452 MALCOLM] (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093, buried Tynemouth, later transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, and later still to Escorial, Madrid). He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland.''' [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#_Toc253996186 Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum names "Malcolaim filii Donnchada" in one of its lists[307]. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Moelcol…filius Donchael" succeeded Lulach in 1058[308]. [Florence of Worcester records that "dux Northhymbrorum Siwardus" defeated "rege Scottorum Macbeotha" in battle, dated to 1054, and installed "Malcolmum regis Cumbrorum filium" in his place[309]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year[310]. It is not clear that these two accounts refer to the future King Malcolm III: it is uncertain why King Malcolm would be called "regis Cumbrorum filium".] The Annals of Tigernach record that “Lulach rí Alban” was killed by “Mael-Coluimb, son of Donnchad” in 1058[311]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Malcolm recaptured his kingdom with the help of "Siward Earl of Northumberland" and killed "Machabeus" 5 Dec 1056[312]. He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland, crowned 25 Apr 1058 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. Duncan cites sources which demonstrate that this nickname was first applied to King Malcolm III in the 13th century[313]. He suggests[314] that it was originally applied to King Malcolm IV who, he asserts, suffered from Paget's disease, involving a deformation of the bones particularly observable in the skull, and was later misapplied to King Malcolm III. King Malcolm supported the claim to the English crown of Edgar ætheling, whose sister he had married, and led plundering raids into England. Florence of Worcester records that he did homage to William I King of England at Abernethy in Aug 1072[315]. The same source records that King Malcolm invaded Northumberland in 1091, but did fealty to Willam II King of England after peace was negotiated between the two kings[316]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[317]. William of Malmesbury records that he was killed, with his son Edward, by Morael of Bamborough, steward of Robert Mowbray Earl of Northumberland, while leading a raid into England[318]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[319]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>[m] [firstly] ([before 1058]) '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Ingibj%C3%B6rg-Finnsd%C3%B3ttir/6000000001052011900 Ingiborg]'''. The identity of the mother of King Malcolm's sons Duncan and Donald is uncertain. The absence of any reference to her in Scottish sources is best explained if her relationship with the king ended before his accession in 1058. However, this is not totally consistent with the estimated birth dates of her sons as shown below. It should be noted that King Duncan II, in his charter dated 1093, makes no reference to his mother, which implies that his father's relationship with her may have been short-lived and informal. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ingibjorg the Earls´-Mother” (Ingibjörg Finnsdatter, widow of Thorfinn "the Black" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, daughter of Finn Arnisson [later Jarl of Halland in Denmark]) married “Malcolm King of Scots, known as Long-neck” and that “their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William”[320]. There must be considerable doubt about whether this can be correct. Ingibjörg's [first] husband died in [1060/65]. King Malcolm's marriage to Queen Margaret is dated to 1070, three years after her arrival at the Scottish court. Although this provides sufficient time after the death of her first husband for the king to have married Ingebjörg, and for Ingebjörg to have died, the chronology for the birth of two sons would be tight. In addition, it is unlikely that either of these sons was born after [1065], as explained further below. If the king had really married Ingibjörg during this time, and if she had given birth to two sons, the absence of any reference to her in either Scottish or English sources is all the more surprising. It is possible that King Malcolm's marriage to Ingibjörg (if it did take place) was more Danico, implying concubinage rather than regular marriage, but this does not change the chronological difficulties. The one puzzle which remains, if the Saga is not correct, is why the author would have fabricated this detail. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>King Malcolm III & Ingiborg had two children:

      >>>1. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Donnchad-mac-Ma%C3%ADl-Coluim/6000000003999583795 DUNCAN] ([1060/65]-murdered Monthechim/Mondynes, Kincardineshire 12 Nov 1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).''' William of Malmesbury names Duncan as illegitimate son of King Malcolm, when recording that he was knighted by William II King of England[327]. There is no indication of the identity of Duncan's mother, as explained above. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a child when given as a hostage in 1072, which precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate, although there is no indication that he was thereby excluded from succession to the throne. "Dunecanus fili regii Malcolum constans hereditarie rex Scotie" donated property to the monks of St Cuthbert for the souls of his father, "fratri mei, uxore mea et infans mei" (all unnamed), by charter dated 1093, witnessed by "Eadgari, [Etheread], Aceard, Ulf, Malcolub[328], Hormer, Heming, Ælfric, Teodbold, Earnulf"[329]. The copy in Early Scottish Charters lists the witnesses in a different order, and adds "Grentonis…Vinget"[330]. He was given as a hostage to William I King of England at Abernethy in 1072 to guarantee his father's good behaviour[331]. The Annals of Ulster record that the "French went into Scotland and brought away the son of the king of Scotland as hostage" in 1072[332], which presumably refers to Duncan as any of his half-brothers (if then born) would have been infants at the time. He was kept in Normandy. Florence of Worcester records that Robert III "Curthose" Duke of Normandy released "Ulfam Haroldi quondam regis Anglorum filium, Dunechaldumque regis Scottorum Malcolmi filium" from custody after his father's death in Sep 1087, knighted them and allowed them to leave Normandy[333]. He joined William II King of England and remained at his court in England[334]. Florence of Worcester records that Duncan served in the army of King William II, who supported his bid to depose his uncle, and to whom Duncan swore fealty before leaving for Scotland[335]. He deposed his uncle in 1094 and proclaimed himself DUNCAN II King of Scotland[336]. Florence of Worcester records that "Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem" was elected king after his brother's death but that "filius regis Malcolmi Dunechain" expelled "patruum suum Dufenaldum"[337]. The Annals of Inisfallen record that "Domnall son of Donnchadh” killed “Donnchadh son of Mael Coluim king of Alba” in 1094 and “took the kingship of Alba”[338]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland, was treacherously killed by his own brothers Domnall and Edmond" in 1094[339]. William of Malmesbury records that King Duncan was "murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald"[340]. Florence of Worcester records that "Scotti regem…Dunechan" was killed in [1094][341]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Donechat mac Malcolm" was killed "a Malpeder Mackcolm comite de Merns in Monacheden" through the treachery of "Donald mac Donehat"[342]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Duncan, King Malcolm´s illegitimate son" was "slain at Monthechin by the Earl of Mernys…Malpetri, in Scottish, Malpedir, through the wiles of his uncle Donald" as was buried "in the island of Iona"[343]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>m ([1090]) '''[http://www.geni.com/people/%C3%86thelreda/6000000002043214826?through=6000000003999583795 ETHELREDA] of Northumberland, daughter of [http://www.geni.com/people/Gospatrick-mac-Maldred/6000000000769899965?through=6000000002043214826 GOSPATRICK] Earl of Northumberland & his wife --- (bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).''' The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Waldevus filius comitis Cospatricii” enfeoffed “Waldeve filio Gileminii” with property and “Ethreda sorore sua”[344]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” succeeded her nephew “Alanus filius Waldevi”[345]. It is assumed that Duncan was Ethelreda´s first husband and Waltheof her second husband. She married secondly Waltheof. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>King Duncan II & his wife had one child:
      >>>>a) '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Uilleam-mac-Donnchada/6000000002043214819?through=6000000002043214826 WILLIAM FitzDuncan] ([1091/94]-[1153/54]).''' His parentage is confirmed by the Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) which records the rebellion of his son "Macwilliam whose real name was Donald Bane…son of William son of Duncan the bastard" against King William[346]. That William was his father's only child is shown by King Duncan's charter dated to 1093 referring to "infans mei". As the actual date of the charter is more likely to be 1094, this leaves little time for the birth of any more children before the king's murder. "…Willelmo nepote comitis…" witnessed the charter dated to [1120] under which "David comes filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" founded the abbey of Selkirk[347]. Lord of Skipton and Craven, by right of his [second] wife. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>2. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Domnall-mac-M%C3%A1el-Coluim/6000000000769909946 DONALD] ([1060/65]-killed in battle 1085).''' There is no indication of the name of Donald's mother. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was an adult when killed, and old enough to have had a son himself at that time, but this precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate. The Annals of Ulster record that "Domnall son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland…ended [his] life unhappily" in 1085[348]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>m ---. The name of Donald's wife is not known.

      >>>Donald & his wife had [one possible child]:
      >>>>a) '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Ladhmann-mac-Domnall/6000000017376248324 LADHMANN] (-killed in battle 1116).''' The Annals of Ulster record that "Ladhmann son of Domnall, grandson of the king of Scotland, was killed by the men of Moray"[349]. It is not known with certainty to whom this refers, but a son of Donald, son of King Malcolm, is the most likely possibility.] [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>m [secondly] (Dunfermline Abbey 1070) '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Saint-Margaret-of-Scotland/6000000009432315864 MARGARET] of England, daughter of [http://www.geni.com/people/Edward-the-Exile-%C3%86theling-of-England/6000000009432470359?through=6000000009432315864 EDWARD] Ætheling of England & his wife [http://www.geni.com/people/%C3%81gota-Agatha-%C3%81RP%C3%81D-h%C3%A1zi/6000000010444330411?through=6000000009432315864 Agatha] --- ([in Hungary] [1046/53]-Edinburgh Castle 16 Nov 1093, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, transferred to Escorial, Madrid, her head bur Jesuit College, Douai).''' Although Margaret's birth is often placed in [1045/46][321], a later birth would be more consistent with the "German" theory of her mother's origin (as discussed in the document ANGLO-SAXON KINGS). Margaret's birth as late as 1053 would still be consistent with her having given birth to four children before her daughter Edith/Matilda (later wife of Henry I King of England), whose birth is estimated to have taken place in [1079/80]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Margaret left England with her mother in Summer 1067 and found refuge at the court of Malcolm King of Scotland[322]. Florence of Worcester records that "clitone Eadgaro et matre sua Agatha duabusque sororibus suis Margareta et Christina" left England for Scotland, in a passage which deals with events in mid-1068[323]. Florence of Worcester records that "regina Scottorum Margareta" died from grief after learning of the death of her husband and oldest son[324]. The Annals of Ulster record that "his queen Margaret…died of sorrow for him within nine days" after her husband was killed in battle[325]. She was canonised in 1250, her feast day in Scotland is 16 Nov[326]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]


      >>King Malcolm III & his second wife, Margaret, had eight children[350]:
      >>>3. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Edward-mac-M%C3%A1el-Coluim/6000000010411585998 EDWARD] (-Edwardsisle, near Jedburgh 16 Nov 1093, bur Tynemouth St Albans).''' Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[351]. He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him first of the sons[352]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[353]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that, according to "William", "Edmund…was privy to his brother Duncan´s death, having…bargained with his uncle [Donald] for half the kingdom" but was captured and "kept in fetters for ever"[354]. He died from wounds received at the battle of Alnwick during a raid on England led by his father. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[355]. Matthew Paris reports that the remains of "regis Scotorum Malcolmi et Edwardi filii sui" were found at Tynemouth, commenting that both had been killed fighting "Robertus de Mumbrai"[356]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>4. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Etmond-mac-M%C3%A1el-Coluim/6000000007807958435 EDMUND] (-after 1097, bur [Montacute]).''' He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him second of the sons[357]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife, adding in a later passage that Edmund "was buried at Montacute in England"[358]. He succeeded in 1094 as EDMUND joint King of Scotland, jointly with his uncle King Donald III "Bane", ruling south of the Forth/Clyde. He was deposed in 1097 by his brother Edgar, and became a monk at Montacute Abbey. Edmund is not mentioned either by Orderic Vitalis in his brief account of the usurpation of King Donald "Bane"[359], or by Florence of Worcester in his account of the deposition of King Donald in 1097[360]. If Edmund was older than his brother Edgar, it is not clear why their uncle Edgar Ætheling, who led the English army which deposed their uncle, would have supported the accession of Edgar in place of Edmund. The Annals of Ulster record that he was involved in the killing of his half-brother King Duncan[361]. William of Malmesbury records that "Edmund was the only degenerate son of Margaret", that he "[partook] in his uncle Donald's crime and…had been accessory to his brother's death", was "doomed to perpetual imprisonment", and "on his near approach of death, ordered himself to be buried in his chains"[362]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum records that "Edmundus" was buried "apud Montem Acutum in…cella Cluniacensi"[363]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>5. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/%C3%89tgar-mac-Ma%C3%ADl-Coluim/6000000002265762670 EDGAR] ([1074]-[Dundee or Edinburgh Castle] 6 Jan 1107, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).''' He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him third of the sons[364]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[365]. He succeeded in 1097 as EDGAR King of Scotland. Florence of Worcester records that "clitorem Eadgarum" led an army to Scotland in [1097] to place "consobrinum suum Eadgarum Malcolmi regis filium" on the Scottish throne after expelling "patruo suo Dufenaldo"[366]. The reign of Edgar is ignored by Orderic Vitalis, who says that Alexander succeeded when King Donald was deposed[367]. "Edgarus filius Malcolmi Regis Scottorum" made grants for the souls of "fratrum meorum Doncani et Edwardi" by charter dated 30 Aug 1095, subscribed by "Egeri regis, Alexandri fratri eius, Manyanium, Agulfi, filii Doncani, Eyluerti, filii Eghe Omani, Uhtredi, filii Magdufe, Constantini, Rodberti de humet, Ætele, A. gulfi, Alimoldi filii sui, David"[368]. The precise dating of this charter and the unusual list of subscribers suggest that it may be spurious. "Edgarus…Rex Scottorum" made grants for the souls of "Malcolmi patris nostri et Margaretæ matris nostræ…ac Edwardi et Duncani fratrum nostrorum" by charter dated 1095[369]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1107 of "Edgarus rex Scotiæ"[370]. Florence of Worcester records the death "VIII Id Jan" in [1107] of "Eadgarus rex Scottorum"[371]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Edgar mac Malcolm" reigned for 9 years, died "in Dunedin", and was buried "in Dumferline"[372]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>6. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Alaxandair-mac-Ma%C3%ADl-Coluim/6000000002265626776 ALEXANDER] ([1077/78]-Stirling Castle 23, 25 or 27 Apr 1124, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).''' He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him fourth of the sons[373]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife[374]. Robert of Torigny records that "Alexander frater eius" succeeded in 1107 on the death of "Edgarus rex Scotiæ"[375]. He succeeded his brother in 1107 as ALEXANDER I "the Fierce" King of Scotland. Florence of Worcester records that "Alexanderfrater eius" succeeded his brother King Edgar in [1107][376]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "VII Kal Mai" [1124] of "Alexander rex Scottorum"[377]. "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey by charter dated to [1114/15], witnessed by "Alexander nepos regis Alexandri, Beth comes, Gospatricius Dolfini, Mallus comes, Madach comes, Rothri comes, Gartnach comes, Dufagan comes, Willelmus frater regine, Edwardus constabularius, Gospatricius filius Walthef, Ufieth Alfricus pincerna"[378]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Alexander" reigned for 17 years and 3 months, died "in Crasleth", and was buried "in Dumferline"[379].

      >>>m (before [1114/15]) [http://www.geni.com/people/Sibyl-Sybilla-de-Falaise/6000000000269743509?through=6000000002265626776 SIBYL], illegitimate daughter of [http://www.geni.com/people/Henry-I-Beauclerc-King-of-England/6000000000559404221?through=6000000000269743509 HENRY I] King of England & his mistress [---/Sibyl Corbet] (-Island of the Women, Loch Tay, Perthshire 12/13 Jul 1122, bur Island of the Women, Loch Tay). William of Malmesbury records the marriage of Alexander to the unnamed illegitimate daughter of King Henry, but adds "there was…some defect about the lady either in correctness of manners or elegance of person"[380], which appears to imply mental retardation. "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey by charter dated to [1114/15][381]. Her name is confirmed by various charters, including the charter dated to [1120] under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum filius Regis Malcolmi et Reginæ Margaretæ et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Angliæ" made grants[382]. Considering the date of her marriage, it is unlikely that she was born much later than [1095]. The Complete Peerage[383] suggests that she was the daughter of Sibyl Corbet, both because of her name and also because of the possible co-identity between "…Willelmo fratre reginæ…", who witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[384], and "…Willielmo fratre meo…" who witnessed the charter dated to [1163/75] under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ"[385]. However, this co-identity is not ideal from a chronological point of view. William, brother of Renaud Earl of Cornwall, died after 1187. If he was the same person as the brother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland, he could only have been a child when he subscribed the Scottish charters in which he is named. In addition, as noted in the document ENGLAND KINGS, it is possible that William, brother of Earl Renaud, may have been his uterine brother, in which case it is unlikely that he would have been chosen to accompany the queen to Scotland. Another factor is that the birth of Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Sibyl Corbet by her marriage, is estimated to [1125/35] (see the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY). This means that he could only have been Sibyl´s half-brother if she had been a young girl at the time of her marriage. On the other hand, "Robert Corbet" witnessed charters in Scotland which are dated to late in the reign of King Alexander and the early years of the reign of his brother King David (see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY). If Robert Corbet was Queen Sibyl´s maternal grandfather or her maternal uncle, this could account for his presence at the Scottish court at the time. The Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie records the death in 1122 "apud Lochtay cellam canonicorum de Scona" of "Sibilla…regine Scocie uxor regis Alexandri, filia Henrici Beuclerk regis Anglie"[386]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>King Alexander I had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:
      >>>>a) '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Malcolm-Macbeth-I/6000000006109378238?through=6000000002265626776 MALCOLM] ([1105/15]-after 1158).''' Orderic Vitalis names Malcolm as bastard son of King Alexander[387]. Robert of Torigny records that "Aragois comes Morefie cum Melcolmo notho filio Alexandri fratri regis David" invaded Scotland in 1130[388]. same person as …? MALCOLM MacHeth (-23 Oct 1168[389]). Duncan suggests that Malcolm, son of King Alexander I, and Malcolm MacHeth were two different persons, the latter being the son of "Aed" or "Heth" who witnessed two charters in the early years of the reign of King David I[390]. He was reconciled with King Malcolm IV in 1157. Malcolm MacHeth was created Earl of Ross in 1162 or before[391]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>7. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Edelred-mac-Ma%C3%ADl-Coluim/6000000009437417889 ETHELRED] (-before [1107], bur [St Andrew´s Church, Kilremont]).''' He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him fifth of the sons[392]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun names "Edward, Edmund, Ethelred, Edgar, Alexander and…David" as the sons of King Malcolm and his wife, adding in a later passage that Ethelred "as some assert…lies buried in St Andrew´s church at Kilremont"[393]. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. "Edelradus…filius Malcolmi Regis Scotiæ Abbas de Dunkeldense et insuper Comes de Fyf" made donations to the Keledei of Loch Leven by undated charter, witnessed by "duo fratres Hedelradi…David et Alexander…Constantini comitis de Fyf et Nesse et Cormac filii Macbeath et Malnethte filii Beollani sacerdotum de Abyrnethyn et Mallebride alterius sacerdotis"[394]. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>8. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Matilda-of-Scotland/6000000000771167458 EADGYTH] (1079-1 Jun 1118).''' Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Eadgyth and her sister Mary to be brought up by their maternal aunt Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[395]. Florence of Worcester records the marriage of King Henry and "regis Scottorum Malcolmi et Margaretæ reginæ filiam Mahtildem" and her coronation as queen in a passage dealing with events in late 1100[396]. She adopted the name MATILDA on her marriage. Crowned Queen Consort of England 11 or 14 Nov 1100. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "Kal Mai" of "MatildisAnglorum regina"[397]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "Kal Mai " at Westminster of "Mahthildis regina Anglorum", and her burial at Westminster Abbey[398].

      >>>m (11 Nov 1100) as his first wife, [http://www.geni.com/people/Henry-I-Beauclerc-King-of-England/6000000000559404221?through=6000000000771167458 HENRY I] "Beauclerc" King of England, son of [http://www.geni.com/people/William-the-Conqueror-King-of-England/5597380726000028489?through=6000000000559404221 WILLIAM I] "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife [http://www.geni.com/people/Matilda-of-Flanders-Queen-Consort-of-England/6000000009432318518?through=6000000000559404221 Mathilde de Flandre] (Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068-Saint-Denis le Ferment, Forêt d’Angers near Rouen 1/2 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire). [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>9. '''[http://www.geni.com/profile/edit_basics/6000000002461246164 DAVID] ([1080]-Carlisle 24 May 1153, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).''' He is named, and his parentage given, by Roger of Hoveden, who lists him as the sixth son of his parents[399]. He succeeded his brother in 1124 as DAVID I King of Scotland. [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      >>>10. '''[http://www.geni.com/people/Mary-ingen-Ma%C3%ADl-Coluim/6000000005599170844 MARY] (-31 May 1116 or 18 Apr 1118, bur Bermondsey Priory).''' Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Mary and her sister Eadgyth to be brought up by their maternal aunt Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[400]. Florence of Worcester records that Henry I King of England arranged the marriage of "Mariam reginæ sororem" and "Eustatio Bononensium comiti" in [1102][401]. Her marriage is also recorded by Orderic Vitalis, who also names her daughter[402]. The Genealogica comitum Buloniensium records that "Eustachius, frater Balduini regis Iheruslame" married "Mariam filiam regis Scotiæ"[403]. The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum records the death "II Kal Jun" in 1116 of "Maria…comitissa" and her burial "apud Bermundseiam"[404]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Mary countess of Bouillon" died in "the third year before her sister´s death"[405].

      >>>m (1102) [http://www.geni.com/people/Eustace-III-Comte-de-Boulogne/6000000002469127338?through=6000000005599170844 EUSTACHE III] Comte de Boulogne, son of EUSTACHE [II] "Gernobadatus" Comte de Boulogne and Lens & his second wife Ida of Lotharingia (-after 1125). [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmIIIdied1093B Cawley’s Medlands]

      --------------------

      Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh),[2] called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, "Big Head"[3] [4] or Long-neck [5] (c.1031[6] - 13 November 1093), was King of Scots. It has also been argued recently that the real "Malcolm Canmore" was this Malcolm's great-grandson Malcolm IV, who is given this name in the contemporary notice of his death.[7] He was the eldest son of King Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin). Malcolm's long reign, lasting 35 years, preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.

      Malcolm's Kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained in Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaelic control, and the areas under the control of the Kings of Scots would not advance much beyond the limits set by Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a succession of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as their goal the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria. However, these wars did not result in any significant advances southwards. Malcolm's main achievement is to have continued a line which would rule Scotland for many years,[8] although his role as "founder of a dynasty" has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David, and his descendants, than with any historical reality.[9]

      Malcolm's second wife, Saint Margaret of Scotland, was later beatified and is Scotland's only royal saint. However, Malcolm himself gained no reputation for piety. With the notable exception of Dunfermline Abbey he is not definitely associated with major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms.

      Background

      Malcolm's father Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin) became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda), Duncan's maternal grandfather. According to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria,[10][11] but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen.[12]

      Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findlaích) on 15 August 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young in 1040,[13] and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane (Domnall Bán) were children.[14] Malcolm's family did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfather Crínán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.[15]

      Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for greater safety - exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm (then aged about 9) was sent to England, and his younger brother Donalbane was sent to the Isles.[16][17] Based on Fordun's account, it was assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor.[18] [19]

      According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enemy of Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.[20]

      An English invasion in 1054, with Earl Siward in command, had as its goal the installation of Máel Coluim, "son of the King of the Cumbrians (i.e. of Strathclyde)". This Máel Coluim, perhaps a son of Owen the Bald, disappears from history after this brief mention. He has been confused with King Malcolm III.[21] [22] In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.[23] [24] Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery",[25] near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.[26]

      Malcolm and Ingibiorg

      Late medieval depiction of Máel Coluim III with MacDuib ("MacDuff"), from an MS (Corpus Christi MS 171) of Walter Bower's Scotichronicon.If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actions as King may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret, who had arrived in England two years before from Hungary.[27] If he did visit the English court, he was the first reigning King of Scots to do so in more than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, however, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered.[28] Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control by 1070.[29]

      The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg a daughter of Finn Arnesson.[30] Although Ingibiorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible that she died much earlier, around 1058.[31] The Orkneyinga Saga records that Malcolm and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), who was later king.[32] Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim.[33] Malcolm's son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author of the Orkneyinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.[34]

      Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another recommendation for the match.[35] Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is probably misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.[36]



      Malcolm and Margaret

      Máel Coluim and Margaret as depicted in a 16th century armorial. Note the coats of arms both bear on their clothing - Malcolm wears the Lion of Scotland, which historically was not used until the time of his great-grandson William the Lion; Margaret wears the supposed arms of Edward the Confessor, her grand-uncle, although the arms were in fact concocted in the later Middle Ages.Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge.[37] In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.[38]

      In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines, wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated.[39] Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland.[40]

      The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots Regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons, Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure.[41] Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon Royal name—another Edmund had preceded Edgar—is not known.[42] Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith, who married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace III of Boulogne.

      In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar.[43] Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade.[44]

      Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078:

      “ Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty.[45] ”

      Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.[46]

      Malcolm and William Rufus

      When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, however, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle, built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees. The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king.[47]

      In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. However, it is unlikely that Malcolm did control Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester, stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotland.[48]

      It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war,[49] but, as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came:

      “ For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and the King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ... ”

      Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar.[50] Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.[51]

      Death

      While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle. The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick.[52] Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar.[53] The Annals of Ulster say:

      “ Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French i.e. in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days.[54] ”

      Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. It may later have been reburied at Dunfermline Abbey in the reign of his son Alexander or perhaps on Iona.[55]

      On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey, past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, and buried next to Margaret beside the altar.[56]

      Depictions in fiction

      Malcolm's accession to the throne, as modified by tradition, is the climax of Macbeth by William Shakespeare.

      Notes

      ^ Ritchie, p.4n

      ^ Máel Coluim mac Donnchada is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.

      ^ Ritchie, p. 3

      ^ Burton, vol. 1, p. 350, states: "Malcolm the son of Duncan is known as Malcolm III., but still better perhaps by his characteristic name of Canmore, said to come from the Celtic 'Caenmohr', meaning 'great head'"

      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, c. 33.

      ^ Ritchie, p.4n

      ^ Duncan, pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, p. 17, note 1.

      ^ The question of what to call this family is an open one. "House of Dunkeld" is all but unknown; "Canmore kings" and "Canmore dynasty" are not universally accepted, nor are Richard Oram's recent coinage "meic Maíl Coluim" or Michael Lynch's "MacMalcolm". For discussions and examples: Duncan, pp. 53–54; McDonald, Outlaws, p. 3; Barrow, Kingship and Unity, Appendix C; Reid. Broun discusses the question of identity at length.

      ^ Hammond, p. 21. The first genealogy known which traces descent from Malcolm, rather than from Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) or Fergus Mór, is dated to the reign of Alexander II, see Broun, pp. 195–200.

      ^ Fordun, IV, xliv.

      ^ Young also gives her as a niece of Siward. Young, p. 30.

      ^ Duncan, p. 37; M.O. Anderson, p. 284.

      ^ The notice of Duncan's death in the Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1040, says he was "slain ... at an immature age"; Duncan, p.33.

      ^ Duncan, p. 33; Oram, David I, p. 18. There may have been a third brother if Máel Muire of Atholl was a son of Duncan. Oram, David I, p. 97, note 26, rejects this identification.

      ^ Duncan, p. 41; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1045 ; Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1045.

      ^ Ritchie, p.3

      ^ Young, p.30

      ^ Barrell, p. 13; Barrow, Kingship and Unity, p. 25.

      ^ Ritchie, p.3, states that it was fourteen years of exile, partly spent at Edward's Court.

      ^ Duncan, p. 42; Oram, David I, pp. 18–20. Malcolm had ties to Orkney in later life. Earl Thorfinn may have been a grandson of Malcolm II and thus Malcolm's cousin.

      ^ On Máel Coluim, "son of the King of the Cumbrians", see Duncan, pp. 37–41; Oram, David I, pp.18–20.

      ^ But see Ritchie, p. 5, who states that Duncan placed his son, the future Malcolm III of Scotland, in possession of Cumbria as its Prince, and states that Siward invaded Scotland in 1054 to restore him to the Scottish throne. Hector Boece also says this (vol.XII p.249), as does Young, p. 30

      ^ Ritchie, p. 7

      ^ Anderson, ESSH, pp. 600–602; the Prophecy of Berchán has Macbeth wounded in battle and places his death at Scone.

      ^ According to the Annals of Tigernach; the Annals of Ulster say Lulach was killed in battle against Malcolm; see Anderson, ESSH, pp. 603–604.

      ^ Duncan, pp. 50–51 discusses the dating of these events.

      ^ Duncan, p. 43; Ritchie, pp. 7-8.

      ^ Duncan, p. 43; Oram, David I, p. 21.

      ^ Oram, David I, p. 21.

      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, c. 33, Duncan, pp. 42–43.

      ^ See Duncan, pp. 42–43, dating Ingibiorg's death to 1058. Oram, David I, pp. 22–23, dates the marriage of Malcolm and Ingibiorg to c. 1065.

      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, c. 33.

      ^ Duncan, pp. 54–55; Broun, p. 196; Anderson, SAEC, pp. 117–119.

      ^ Duncan, p. 55; Oram, David I, p. 23. Domnall's death is reported in the Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1085: "... Domnall son of Máel Coluim, king of Alba, ... ended [his] life unhappily." However, it is not certain that Domnall's father was this Máel Coluim. M.O. Anderson, ESSH, corrigenda p. xxi, presumes Domnall to have been a son of Máel Coluim mac Maíl Brigti, King or Mormaer of Moray, who is called "king of Scotland" in his obituary in 1029.

      ^ Saga of Harald Sigurðson, cc. 45ff.; Saga of Magnus Erlingsson, c. 30. See also Oram, David I, pp. 22–23.

      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, cc. 39–41; McDonald, Kingdom of the Isles, pp. 34–37.

      ^ Adam of Bremen says that he fought at Stamford Bridge, but he is alone in claiming this: Anderson, SAEC, p. 87, n. 3.

      ^ Oram, David I, p. 23; Anderson, SAEC, pp. 87–90. Orderic Vitalis states that the English asked for Malcolm's assistance.

      ^ Duncan, pp. 44–45; Oram, David I, pp. 23–24.

      ^ Oram, David I, p. 24; Clancy, "St. Margaret", dates the marriage to 1072.

      ^ Malcolm's sons by Ingebiorg were probably expected to succeed to the kingdom of the Scots, Oram, David I, p. 26.

      ^ Oram, p. 26.

      ^ Oram, pp. 30–31; Anderson, SAEC, p. 95.

      ^ Oram, David I, p. 33.

      ^ Anderson, SAEC, p. 100.

      ^ His death is reported by the Annals of Ulster amongst clerics and described as "happy", usually a sign that the deceased had entered religion.

      ^ Oram, David I, pp. 34–35; Anderson, SAEC, pp. 104–108.

      ^ Duncan, pp. 47–48; Oram, David I, pp. 35–36; Anderson, SAEC, pp. 109–110.

      ^ Oram, David I, pp.36–37.

      ^ Duncan, p. 54; Oram, David I, p. 42.

      ^ Anderson, SAEC, pp. 97–113, contains a number of English chronicles condemning Malcolm's several invasions of Northumbria.

      ^ The Annals of Innisfallen say he "was slain with his son in an unguarded moment in battle".

      ^ Oram, pp. 37–38; Anderson, SAEC, pp. 114–115.

      ^ The notice in the Annals of Innisfallen ends "and Margaréta his wife, died of grief for him."

      ^ Anderson, SAEC, pp. 111–113. M.O. Anderson reprints three regnal lists, lists F, I and K, which give a place of burial for Malcolm. These say Iona, Dunfermline, and Tynemouth, respectively.

      ^ Dunlop, p. 93.

      References

      Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8

      Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers. D. Nutt, London, 1908.

      Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, revised edition 1980. ISBN 0-7011-1604-8

      Anon., Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney, tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London, 1978. ISBN 0-14-044383-5

      Barrell, A.D.M. Medieval Scotland. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. ISBN 0-521-58602-X

      Clancy, Thomas Owen, "St. Margaret" in Michael Lynch (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-211696-7

      Barrow, G.W.S., Kingship and Unity: Scotland, 1000–1306. Reprinted, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1989. ISBN 0-7486-0104-X

      Barrow, G.W.S., The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1

      Broun, Dauvit, The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Boydell, Woodbridge, 1999. ISBN 0-85115-375-5

      Burton, John Hill, The History of Scotland, New Edition, 8 vols, Edinburgh 1876

      Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8

      Dunlop, Eileen, Queen Margaret of Scotland. National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2005. ISBN 1-901663-92-2

      John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X

      Hammond, Matthew H., "Ethnicity and Writing of Medieval Scottish History", in The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 85, April, 2006, pp. 1-27

      McDonald, R. Andrew, The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c.1336. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 1997. ISBN 1-898410-85-2

      McDonald, R. Andrew, Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN 1-86232-236-8

      Oram, Richard, David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X

      Ritchie, R. L. Graeme, The Normans in Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, 1954

      Reid, Norman, "Kings and Kingship: Canmore Dynasty" in Michael Lynch (ed.), op. cit.

      Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6

      Young, James, ed., Historical References to the Scottish Family of Lauder, Glasgow, 1884

      --------------------

      Malcolm III Canmore, King of Scotland (1057-93), aka Malcolm Ceann Mor or Bighead, was born 1031. In 1057 he avenged his family and assumed the crown for himself by defeating and slaying King Macbeth, who had killed his father, King Duncan.

      Malcolm's rule was marked by many changes when bringing the culture and civilization of England to Scotland. In 1071 however, his reign overcome when Scotland was invaded by William the Conqeror of England who forced Malcolm to pay him homage at Abernethy in Perthshire.

      King Malcolm III was killed on 13 Nov 1093 during an attack on Alnwidk in Northumberland. It is said that the the attack was to prevent an upcoming Norman invasion, but he was ambushed by one of his Norman friends named Morel. His wife died three days after. It is assumed that they were both buried at the Monastery of Iona.

      The story of Dunfermline Abbey began in the spring of 1070 with the marriage in Dunfermline of King Malcolm III to the Saxon princess Margaret. She had come to Scotland as a refugee because of the Norman Conquest.

      At that time, the Celtic Church was in decline and Christian witness in the community was maintained largely by secular clerics called Culdees, a name derived from two Gaelic words meaning devotees or servants of God. These men usually lived under a superior in a common enclosure attached to a settled community. Their manner of life was simple, their habits abstemious and they were required to support themselves by their own labours. They helped the sick and poor. They led public worship. One such settlement was at Dunfermline and its Church was situated almost certainly where the Abbey now stands, for we are told by Margaret's confessor and biographer that she resolved immediately after her marriage to found a church " in that place where her nuptials were celebrated." This is believed to have been the Culdee Church.

      Malcolm was then 47. He was a man of powerful energies and intrepid courage, a good linguist but otherwise " illiterate and of no distinguished abilities." He was devoted to Margaret and accepted her judgement on ceremonial and religious matters. It was his second marriage.

      Margaret was about 24, civilised, intelligent, given to good works and deeply religious. She was anxious to bring the church in Scotland into the main stream of catholic tradition and she approached this task with rare discretion, always working through her royal husband who, " being equally well acquainted with the Anglic language and his native Gaelic," acted as her interpreter in her encounters with the Culdee clergy. She so blended " severity of manners with an obliging civility that she was equally revered and loved by all who approached her. In her presence nothing unseemly was done or uttered." She died in 1093, on hearing of the death of her husband in battle and was interred in the church they had founded. She was canonised in 1250.

      --------------------

      --------------------

      Malcolm III Canmore, King Of Scotland was crowned at Scone, 17 March 1057/8 was slain while besieging Alnwick Castle.

      Buried Holy Trinity Church, Dumferline, Fifeshire, Scotland

      Source: 'Ancestrial Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England between 1623 and 1650', 1969, Frederick Lewis Weis, p 111. 'Royalty for Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 2.

      --------------------

      Malcolm III of Scotland

      Malcolm III

      (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada)

      King of Scots

      Reign 1058–1093

      Coronation 1057?/25 April 1058?, Scone

      Born unclear

      Birthplace Scotland

      Died 13 November 1093

      Place of death Alnwick, Northumberland, England

      Buried Tynemouth

      Predecessor Lulach (Lulach mac Gille Comgaín)

      Edward

      Successor Donald III (Domnall Bán mac Donnchada)

      Consort Ingebjorg Finnsdotter

      Margaret of Wessex

      Offspring Duncan II (Donnchad mac Máel Coluim)

      Edward, Edmund, Edgar,

      Alexander I, David I

      Royal House Dunkeld

      Father Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin)

      Mother Suthen

      Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh),[1] called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, "Big Head"[2][3] or Long-neck [4] (died 13 November 1093), was King of Scots. It has also been argued recently that the real "Malcolm Canmore" was this Malcolm's great-grandson Malcolm IV, who is given this name in the contemporary notice of his death.[5] He was the eldest son of King Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin). Malcolm's long reign, lasting 35 years, preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.

      Malcolm's Kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: the north and west of Scotland remained in Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaelic control, and the areas under the control of the Kings of Scots would not advance much beyond the limits set by Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a succession of wars against the Kingdom of England, which may have had as their goal the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria. However, these wars did not result in any significant advances southwards. Malcolm's main achievement is to have continued a line which would rule Scotland for many years,[6] although his role as "founder of a dynasty" has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David, and his descendants, than with any historical reality.[7]

      Malcolm's second wife, Saint Margaret of Scotland, was later beatified and is Scotland's only royal saint. However, Malcolm himself gained no reputation for piety. With the notable exception of Dunfermline Abbey he is not definitely associated with major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms.

      Background

      Malcolm's father Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin) became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda), Duncan's maternal grandfather. According to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria,[8][9] but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen.[10]

      Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findlaích) on 15 August 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young in 1040,[11] and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane (Domnall Bán) were children.[12] Malcolm's family did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfather Crínán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.[13]

      Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for greater safety - exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm (then aged about 9) was sent to England, and his younger brother Donalbane was sent to the Isles.[14][15] Based on Fordun's account, it was assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor.[16][17]

      According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enemy of Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.[18]

      An English invasion in 1054, with Earl Siward in command, had as its goal the installation of Máel Coluim, "son of the King of the Cumbrians (i.e. of Strathclyde)". This Máel Coluim, perhaps a son of Owen the Bald, disappears from history after this brief mention. He has been confused with King Malcolm III.[19][20] In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.[21][22] Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery",[23] near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.[24]

      Malcolm and Ingibiorg (The following texts are a repetition of the information already given above. Sylvia Bain)

      Late medieval depiction of Máel Coluim III with MacDuib ("MacDuff"), from an MS (Corpus Christi MS 171) of Walter Bower's Scotichronicon.

      If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actions as King may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret, who had arrived in England two years before from Hungary.[25] If he did visit the English court, he was the first reigning King of Scots to do so in more than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, however, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered.[26] Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control by 1070.[27]

      The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson.[28] Although Ingibiorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible that she died much earlier, around 1058.[29] The Orkneyinga Saga records that Malcolm and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), who was later king.[4] Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim.[30] Malcolm's son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author of the Orkneyinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.[31]

      Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another recommendation for the match.[32] Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is probably misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.[33]

      Malcolm and Margaret

      Máel Coluim and Margaret as depicted in a 16th century armorial. Note the coats of arms both bear on their clothing - Malcolm wears the Lion of Scotland, which historically was not used until the time of his great-grandson William the Lion; Margaret wears the supposed arms of Edward the Confessor, her grand-uncle, although the arms were in fact concocted in the later Middle Ages.

      Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge.[34] In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.[35]

      In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines, wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated.[36] Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland.[37]

      The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots Regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons, Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normand


    • 1. M
    • Custom Field:<_FA#> 1093Buried at Dunfermline@S087555@Date of Import: Jul6, 20 02@S132519@Date of Import: Sep 14, 2002@S276785@Date of Import: Oct26, 2002
      A ncestral File Number: 8XJB-53
      REFN: 1293
      [Mary Stewart.FTW]
      MALCOLM III 3 CANMORE, (KING) (Duncan I2, Crinan the Thane1) of Atholl,
      son of (2) Dunca n I2, (King) and (CD-2) (wife), was born in 1031, died on
      13 Nov. 1093 in Aln wick and was buried in Holy Trinity Chu, Dumferline,
      Fifeshire, Scotland. He married (1st) in 1059, INGEBORG. He married (2nd)
      in Dunfermline, in 1068/9, (J-25) MARGARET "ATHELING", PRINCESS England,
      [Queen of Scotland of Wessex, of Scotland, England, daughter of (J-24)
      Edward the Aetheling and Agatha, who w as born in 1045, died on 16 Nov.
      1093 in Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Midloth ian, Scotland, and was buried
      in Dunfermline, Fifeshire. [25]
      King of Scots 1058-1093
      Crowned at Scone 17 Mar 1057/8
      Slain while besieging Alnwick Castle
      Child of: Malcolm III3 CANMORE, (King) and Ingeborg: 7 i. DUNCAN II4,
      (KIN G) of Scots, b. in 1060; d. on 12 Nov. 1094.
      Children of: Malcolm III3 CANMORE , (King) and Margaret "Atheling",
      Princess England, [Queen of Scotla: + 8 i. DAVID I THE SAINT4, (KING) of
      Scots, b. circa 1080; m. (CA-3) MAUD OF HUNTING DON, (COUNTESS) in 1113/4
      in Scotland; d. on 24 May 1154 in Carlisle, Cumbria , England.
      + 9 ii. MATILDA "ATHELING" PRINCESS Scotland, b. circa 1079 in
      Du nfermline, Fifeshire; m. (UB-10) HENRY I BEAUCLERC, (KING) on 11 Nov.
      1100 in Westminster, London, Middlesex, England; d. on 1 May 1118 in
      Westminster, Mi ddlesex.
      + 10 iii. MARY, PRINCESS OF Scotland, b. circa 1084 in Scotland; m.
      (GD-5) EUSTACE III Count Boulogne in 1102; d. on 31 May 1116[Alexander to
      Go dfrey.FTW]
      Malcom Canmore, son of Duncan went to England to escape Macbeth.
      Seventeen years later, Malcom formed an army in Northumbrian and
      returned t o Scotland where he defeated and killed Macbeth in battle..and
      became King Ma lcom III.[alexander8.FTW]
      Malcom Canmore, son of Duncan went to England to es cape Macbeth.
      Seventeen years later, Malcom formed an army in Northumbrian a nd
      returned to Scotland where he defeated and killed Macbeth in battle..and
      became King Malcom III.[739490.FTW]
      Malcom Canmore, son of Duncan went to En gland to escape Macbeth.
      Seventeen years later, Malcom formed an army in Nor thumbrian and
      returned to Scotland where he defeated and killed Macbeth in ba ttle..and
      became King Malcom III.MALCOLM III., OR CANMORE, KING OF SCOTLAND.—Fewsovereigns in the obscure and barbarous periods of nations have been morefortunate in their chances of posthumous renown than Malcolm Canmore. Hehas had Buchanan for his historian, and Shakspeare for his eulogist. Whatthe former learned of him from Fordun, and detailed with all the graceand majesty of the Roman language, the latter embodied in poetry, andsuch poetry as will endure till the end of time. Every age will feel asif Malcolm Canmore had lived but yesterday, and was worthy of everyinquiry.
      He was the son of Duncan, who succeeded to the throne of Scotland by theassassination of his grandfather, Malcolm II. This "gracious Duncan" ofthe great poet appears to have been a soft, easy king, and little fittedfor the stormy people over whom he was called to rule. Still less does heappear to have been adapted to those difficult trials by which he wasquickly beset, in the first instance, from the insurrection of Macdonald,one of the powerful thanes of Scotland, who called in the Islesmen to hisaid; and afterwards, from the invasion of the Danes, who tried the barrenshores of Scotland, after they had wasted to the uttermost the richcoasts of France and England. In both cases, however, he was delivered bythe military prowess of his cousin, Macbeth, who not only quelled therevolt of the islanders, but drove the Danes to their shipping with greatslaughter. To understand aright the importance of these military servicesof Macbeth, we should remember that the great question at issue inScotland now was, what race should finally predominate in the country. Solarge a portion of what had been England during the heptarchy, had beenwon and incorporated into Scotland, that the Anglo-Saxon race bade fairto outnumber and surpass the Celtic; and the rebellion of Macdonald wasnothing more, perhaps, than one of that long series of trials between thetwo peoples, in which the Celt finally succumbed. As for the Danishinvasion, it might have ended either in a permanent settlement inScotland, like that which had been effected by the Danes in Normandie, ora complete conquest, like that which they had achieved in England, while,in either case, Scotland would have been a sufferer.
      After these dangerous conflicts had terminated, Duncan made his eldestson, Malcolm, Prince of Cumberland, by which he designated him heir tothe Scottish throne. This appointment, however, was anything but pleasingto Macbeth. Here the reader will remember the predictions of the weirdsisters, which form a very important fact in the strange history of theperiod. But Macbeth had enough to incite him in his ambitious careerindependently of witch or prophetess. By the Tanist law of succession,common to the Celts of Scotland as well as Ireland, Macbeth, who was thecousin-german of Duncan, should have succeeded to the government on thedeath of the latter, should his son be still a minor; but Duncan, by thismovement in favour of young Malcolm, set aside the Tanist law, which hadbeen the general rule of Scotland, and precluded Macbeth from all hope ofbeing king. To be requited for his public services by exclusion from hisinheritance, was too much for such an ambitious spirit, while the onlychance of remedy was the possible death of Duncan, before Malcolm was oldenough to be his father’s successor. We know how such a prospect haspaved the way to a throne in every nation, whether barbarous orcivilized. Duncan was assassinated. This foul deed of Macbeth, however,was not committed under trust, and in his own castle, as Shakspeare, forthe purposes of poetry, has represented; but at Bothgowan (or the Smith’sDwelling), near Elgin, by an ambuscade appointed for the deed. This eventis said to have occurred A.D. 1039. Macbeth immediately placed upon hisown head the crown which he had so violently snatched, while the two sonsof Duncan fled, Malcolm, the elder, to Siward, Earl of Northumberland,his mother’s brother, and Donald, the younger, to his father’s kindred inthe Hebrides.
      The commencement of the reign of Macbeth, like that of many usurpers, wasone of conciliation. He won over the powerful by donations of crownlands, and the common people by a vigorous administration of justice,through which their safety was secured and their industry encouraged. Healso made several excellent laws; and if those attributed to him by Boeceare to be relied on, they give a curious picture of the times, and thecondition of Scotland. They begin with the rights of churchmen, in thismanner: "He that is in orders shall not answer before a secular judge,but shall be remitted to his judge ordinary." Then comes the royalauthority: "No man shall possess lands, rents, offices, or buildings, byany other authority than by the king’s license." Following the heels oflord or laird, that vice of Scotsmen during the feudal ages, found nofavour in the eyes of Macbeth, for he thus enacted: "He that follows aman to the kirk or market shall be punished to the death, unless he livesby his industry whom he follows." But the most terrible of all is thefollowing sharp statute: "Fools, minstrels, bards, and all other suchidle people, unless they be specially licensed by the king, shall becompelled to seek some craft to win their living: if they refuse, theyshall be yoked like horses in the plough and harrows." All this was well;but either fearing the nobles whose power he so vigorously curbed, orbeing naturally of a cruel disposition, Macbeth began to oppress themwith such severity that revolts in favour of Malcolm, whom they regardedas the true heir, ensued, which, however, were easily suppressed. Atlast, after a reign of ten years, during which he daily became moreunpopular, his cruel conduct to Macduff, Thane of Fife, procured hisdownfall. The latter fled to Northumberland, where young Malcolm wassheltered, and besought him to march against the tyrant, whose doom herepresented as certain; but Malcolm, who had been previously tried in asimilar manner by the emissaries of Macbeth, and who had learned tosuspect such invitations, is said by our historians to have made thoseobjections to Macduff’s appeal which Shakspeare has little more thanversified in his immortal tragedy. Truth and patriotism finally prevailedover the doubts of Malcolm; and aided by an English force from Siward,the prince and thane entered Scotland, where they were joined by thevassals of Macduff, and a whole army of malcontents. Even yet, however,Macbeth was not without his supporters, so that the contest wasprotracted for a considerable period, Macbeth retiring for that purposeinto the fastnesses of the north, and especially his strong castle ofDunsinane. At length, deserted by most of his followers, he intrenchedhimself in a fort built in an obscure valley at Lunfannan, inAberdeenshire. Here Boece records, with his wonted gravity, all themarvels that accompanied the dying struggle of the tyrant as facts ofunquestionable veracity. Leaving these, however, to histrionicrepresentation, it is enough to state that Macbeth fell by the hand, itis generally supposed, of Macduff, who had personal injuries to revenge,and who, like a true Celt, was prompt enough to remember them. Instead ofclaiming from the grateful Malcolm what rewards he pleased in lands,titles, and pre-eminence, the thane of Fife contented himself withstipulating that himself and his successors, the lords of Fife, shouldhave the right of placing the Scottish kings upon the throne at theircoronation; that they should lead the van of the Scottish armies when theroyal banner was displayed; and that if he or any of his kindredcommitted "slaughter of suddenty," the deed should be remitted for apecuniary atonement. Malcolm’s next duty, immediately after hisaccession, was to replace those families that had been deprived of landor office through the injustice of Macbeth. It is also added, that hecaused his nobles to assume surnames from the lands they possessed, andintroduced new titles of honour among them, such as those of Earl, Baron,and Knight, by which they are henceforth distinguished in the historiesof Scotland.
      By these changes Malcolm Canmore became king of Scotland without a rival,for although Macbeth left a step-son, called Lulach (or the Fool), hisopposition did not occasion much apprehension. A greater subject ofanxiety was the consolidation of that strange disjointed kingdom overwhich he was called to rule, and here Canmore was met by difficultiessuch as few sovereigns have encountered. A single glance at the conditionof the country will sufficiently explain the severe probation with whichhis great abilities were tried.
      Scotland had originally consisted of the two states of Pictland andAlbin, comprised within the limits of the Forth and the Clyde, while allbeyond these rivers formed part of England. The troubles, however, of thelatter country, at first from the wars of the heptarchy, and afterwardsthe Danish invasions, enabled the Scots to push the limits of theirbarren inheritance into the fertile districts of the south, and annex totheir dominion the kingdom of Strathclyde, which comprised Clydesdale,Peebles-shire, Selkirkshire, and the upper parts of Roxburghshire. Theconquest of this important territory was accomplished by Kenneth III.,about one hundred years before the accession of Malcolm Canmore. Inaddition to this, the district of Cumbria had been ceded by Edmund I.,the English king, in 946, to Malcolm I. of Scotland. Thus Malcolm Canmoresucceeded to the kingdom when it was composed of the three states ofAlbin, Pictland, and Strathclyde. But besides these there was a fourthterritory, called Lodonia or Lothian, which at one period appears to haveformed part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, but had beenpartially conquered by the Picts in 685; and as it lay between the twocountries, it had formed, from the above-mentioned period, a bone ofcontention between the English and the Scots until A.D. 1020, or aboutthirty-seven years before Malcolm Canmore’s accession, when it wasfinally ceded by Eadulf, Earl of Northumberland, to Malcolm II., thegreat-grandfather of Canmore.
      Thus the sovereignty of Scotland at this time, barren though it was,consisted of four separate kingdoms, all the fruits of successiveconquests, and as yet not fully incorporated, or even properly united;and each was at any time ready either to resume an independent nationalexistence of its own, or commence a war of conquest or extirpationagainst the others. And for such an explosion there was abundance offierce materials in the population by which the country was occupied. Forthere were first the Caledonians or Picts, the earliest occupants of theland, who had successfully resisted the Roman invaders; after these werethe Scoti or Irish, from Ulster, who had entered Scotland about themiddle of the third century; and lastly, the Saxons, of different race,language, and character from the others, who, though originally conqueredby the Scots and Picts, already bade fair to become the conquerors ofboth in turn. But besides these there was a large infusion of a Danishpopulation, not only from the annexation of Strathclyde, but theinvasions of the Danes by sea, so that many of the northern islands, anda portion of the Scottish coast, were peopled by the immediatedescendants of these enterprising rovers. Turning to another part of thekingdom, we find a still different people, called the "wild Scots ofGalloway," who had emigrated from the opposite coast ol Ireland, andoccupied Galloway and part of Ayrshire, along with the wildest of thePictish population among whom they had thus won a footing. Here, then, wehave a strange medley of Caledonians, Cymbrians, Celts, Anglo-Saxons, andDanes, men of different race and language, and of rival interests, allthrust into one sterile country, to contend not merely for empty glory,but absolute subsistence. And by whom was the scanty loaf to be finallywon?— but the loaf had first to be created from a flinty soil, that hadhitherto produced nothing but thistles; and of all these races, theAnglo-Saxon, by its skill, industry, and perseverance, showed itself thebest adapted for the purpose. On the accession of Malcolm Canmore, it wasevidently necessary that he should identify himself with some one ofthese rival parties; and had he followed a short-sighted or selfishpolicy, he would have placed himself at the head of the Celtic interest,not only as it was still predominant, but also as he was the linealdescendant and representative of Kenneth Macalpine, the founder of theScoto-Irish dynasty. But he was the son of an Anglo-Saxon mother; he hadresided in England for fifteen years; and he had been finally establishedin his rights chiefly by Anglo-Saxon auxiliaries, in spite of the Tanistlaw of succession, which had favoured the usurpation of Macbeth. Besides,his long stay in England must have convinced him of the superiority ofthe Anglo-Saxons in civilization, industry, and the arts of life, as wellas aptitude for order and a settled government. He therefore adopted thechance of becoming a Saxon king, rather than the certainty of being aCeltic chief of chieftains; and the result showed the wisdom of hischoice. He was thenceforth the Alfred of his country; and the Scots underhis rule became a nation and a people, instead of a heap of tribes andchieftainries.
      During the first nine years of Canmore’s reign, England was governed byEdward the Confessor, who was more intent on building churches thanmaking conquests, and thus a friendly relationship was maintained betweenthe two countries, which allowed the Scottish king to consolidate hisdominions. On the death of the Confessor, and accession of Harold, thelatter king was soon occupied with a civil war, at the head of which washis own brother, Tostig, whom he had made Earl of Northumberland. At thisperiod, indeed, there was some danger of Malcolm being drawn into adangerous war with England; for while there, he had formed anacquaintanceship with Tostig, whom, according to an old Englishchronicler, he loved as a brother, so that when the Northumbrian earlfled after his first unsuccessful attempt, he betook himself for shelterto the Scottish court, and endeavoured to stir up its king to an Englishinvasion. But Malcolm had too much good sense, or too much right feeling,to be allured by such a tempting opportunity where two brothers were atdeadly variance. Disappointed in Scotland, Tostig obtained an ally inHardrada, king of Norway, with whom he invaded England; but in the battleof Stamford Bridge, their forces were completely defeated, and both kingand earl were left among the slain.
      Events soon followed that made the continuance of peace between the twokingdoms impossible. The veering of the same wind that had broughtHardrada from Norway, wafted William the Conqueror from Normandie toEngland; and Harold, weakened by the victory at Stamford Bridge, fell,with all the flower of his military array, at the terrible battle ofHastings. William was now king of England, and Scotland became not only aplace of refuge to Saxon fugitives, but a mark for Norman ambition andrevenge. Among those who thus fled to the Scottish court, was EdgarAtheling, nearest of kin to Edward the Confessor, and chief claimant tothe throne of England, with his mother Agatha, widow of Edmund Ironside,and his sisters Margaret and Christina. On reaching Dunfermline, theroyal seat of the Scottish king, they found many of the English nobles,who had preceded them, while from Malcolm they experienced that fullhospitality which he had himself enjoyed in England. of the two sistersof Edgar, Margaret, who was young and beautiful, captivated the heart ofher royal host, and a marriage quickly followed. Seldom has a marriageunion been fraught with such advantages to a nation as that of the kingof Scotland with this descendant of the noble line of Alfred, forMargaret was not only gentle, affectionate, and pious, but learned andaccomplished beyond the people of her new country, and anxious tointroduce among them the civilization of England. Her labours in this wayform a beautiful episode in the history of the period, and have beenfully detailed by her biographer, Turgot, who was also her chaplain andconfessor. Her first care was the improvement of her husband, whosevigorous mind she enlightened, and whose fierce spirit she soothed by thewisdom and gentleness of her counsels. The effect of this upon Malcolmwas such, that though unable to read her missals and books of devotion,he was wont to kiss them in token of reverence, and he caused them to berichly bound, and ornamented with gold and jewels. On arriving inScotland, Margaret, as a Christian according to the Romish Church, wasgrieved to find the Eastern form predominant, which she had been taughtto regard as heresy, and not long after she became queen, she set herselfin good earnest to discountenance and refute it—for hers was not a mindto comprehend the uses of persecution in achieving the conversion ofmisbelievers. She invited the Culdee clergy to a debate, in which thechief subject was the proper season for the celebration of Lent—the greattheological question of the day between the Eastern and Western churches;and as she was unacquainted with the language of these Culdees, Malcolm,who spoke the Celtic as well as the Saxon tongue, attended as herinterpreter. This strange controversy lasted three days, and on thisoccasion, says Turgot, "she seemed another St. Helena, out of theScriptures convincing the Jews." The temporal concerns of her husband’ssubjects were also taken into account, and she invited merchants fromvarious countries, who now for the first time pursued their traffic inScotland. Their wares chiefly consisted of ornaments and rich clothing,such as had never been seen there before; and when the people, at herpersuasion, put them on, he informs us they might almost be believed tohave become new beings, they appeared so gay and comely. Who does not seein this, the commencement of an industrial spirit—the first great step ofa people from barbarism to civilization? Her influence was also shown inthe royal household, the rude coarseness of which was exchanged for anumerous retinue, and orderly dignified ceremonial, so that when Malcolmappeared in public, it was with a train that commanded respect. Not onlyhis attendants, but his banquets were distinguished by the same regalsplendour, for Turgot informs us that Margaret caused him to be served attable from vessels of gold and silver plate; but suddenly checkinghimself, he adds, "at least they were gilt or silvered over."
      From this pleasing picture we must now turn to the stormy career ofMalcolm Canmore. The arrival of Edgar Atheling was followed by a freshimmigration of Saxons, and soon after of Normans, whom William had eitherdisgusted by his tyranny or defrauded of their wages, while Malcolm, whoneeded such subjects, received them with welcome, and gave them broadlands; and from these refugees the chief nobility of Scotland wereafterwards descended. The latter country became of course very closelyconnected with the struggles of the English against the Normanascendency, while Malcolm by his marriage was bound to support thepretensions of his brother-in-law to the crown of England. But Edgar wasno match for William, and, in an attempt that he made in Northumberlandand Yorkshire with the aid of a Danish armament, he was so effectuallydefeated, that he was obliged a second time to flee to Scotland. HowMalcolm, who was considered as the head of this coalition, failed toinvade England when his aid was most expected, does not clearly appear,but he thereby escaped the evils of an ill-concerted and most disastrousenterprise. Two years after (in 1070) he crossed the border with an army,but found the northern counties so wasted by the previous war, that aftera hasty incursion into Northumberland and Yorkshire, he was obliged toretreat. But brief as this inroad was, and unaccompanied with battle, itwas not without its share of the horrors of war, for Malcolm commandedhis soldiers to spare only the young men and women, who accordingly werecarried into Scotland, and there sold as slaves. So great was the numberof these unhappy captives, that according to Simeon of Durham, there wasnot a village, and scarcely even a hovel in Scotland without them. Andyet those English who escaped the visitation, in many cases seem to haveenvied their fate, for such was the general desolation which their ownNorman sovereign had inflicted, that they repaired in crowds to Scotland,and sold themselves into slavery, to avoid certain death from famine orthe sword.
      Had William the Conqueror not been otherwise occupied, a swiftretaliation would have been certain; but from the dangerous revolts ofthe English, he found no leisure for the purpose till 1072, when heentered Scotland with such an army as the undisciplined forces of Malcolmwere unable to meet. The whole of the Norman cavalry, in which William’sprincipal strength consisted, and every foot soldier that could be sparedfrom garrison, were mustered for the purpose, while his advance on landwas supported by a fleet that sailed along the coast. He marched as faras the Tay, the Scots giving way as he approached; but in their retreatthey laid waste the country in the hope of driving him back by famine. Inthis way, Malcolm Canmore anticipated the wise plan of defence that wasafterwards so successfully adopted by Bruce and Wallace. He also refusedto deliver up those English and Norman nobles who had fled to him forprotection. At last, William, finding "nothing of that which to him thebetter was"—nothing in the shape of booty or even of subsistence, wasobliged to abandon his purposes of a complete conquest of Scotland, andcontent himself with terms of agreement. These, which were ratifiedbetween him and Malcolm at Abernethy, consisted in the latter givinghostages, and doing homage to William, as his liege lord. But for whatwas this homage rendered? Not for Scotland certainly, the greater part ofwhich was still untouched, and which William would soon be obliged toleave from sheer hunger. It appears that this homage was merely for thelands of Cumberland and part of the Lothians, which Scotland had formerlyheld of the English crown, but which feudal acknowledgment Canmore hadwithheld, as not judging the Norman to be the lawful king of England.Now, however, he prudently yielded it, thus recognizing William as theEnglish sovereign de facto at least, if not de jure; and with thisconcession the latter seems to have been satisfied, for he returned toEngland without any further attempt. And this homage, as is well known,implied neither inferiority nor degradation, for even the most powerfulsovereigns were wont to give such acknowledgment, for the dukedoms orcounties they might hold in other kingdoms. In this way, the kings ofEngland themselves were vassals to the French crown for their possessionswhich they held in France. At the utmost, Malcolm did nothing more thanabandon the claims of Edgar Atheling, which experience must have nowtaught him were scarcely worth defending. Edgar indeed was of the sameopinion, for soon after he abandoned all his claims to the crown ofEngland, and was contented to become the humble pensionary of the Normanconqueror.
      A peace that lasted a few years between England and Scotland ensued,during which, although little is heard of Malcolm Canmore, it is evidentfrom the progress of improvement in his kingdom, that he was by no meansidle. Scotland was more and more becoming Anglo-Saxon instead of Celticor Danish, while the plentiful immigrations that continued to flow fromEngland filled up the half-peopled districts, enriched the barren soilwith the agriculture of the south, and diffused the spirit of a highercivilization. The superiority of these exiles was quickly manifested inthe fact, that they laid the foundations of those great families by whomScotland was afterwards ruled, and by whom the wars of Scottishindependence were so gallantly maintained. Malcolm, too, their wise andgenerous protector, was able to appreciate their worth, for he appears tohave been as chivalrous as any man of the day, whether Norman or Saxon.of this he on one occasion gave a signal proof. Having learned that oneof his nobles had plotted to assassinate him, he concealed his knowledgeof the design, and in the midst of a hunt led the traitor into theforest, beyond the reach of interruption. There dismounting, and drawinghis sword, he warned the other that he was aware of his purpose, andinvited him to settle the contest, man to man, in single combat, now thatthere was no one at hand to prevent or arrest him. Conquered by suchunexpected magnanimity, the man fell at the feet of Malcolm, and imploredforgiveness, which was readily granted. This generosity was not thrownaway, for the noble was converted from an enemy and traitor into afaithful and affectionate servant.
      Peace continued between England and Scotland during the rest of theConqueror’s reign; but in that of William Rufus, the national rancour wasrevived. An invasion of England was the consequence, while Rufus wasabsent in Normandie; but the English nobility, who governed during hisabsence, offered such a stout resistance, that the invaders retreated. Onthe return of Rufus, he endeavoured to retaliate by a counter-invasionboth by land and sea; but his ships were destroyed before they arrivedoff the Scottish coast, and the army on reaching a river called ScotteUatra (supposed to be Scotswater), found Malcolm ready for the encounter.Here a battle was prevented by the interposition of mutual friends, andthe discretion of the Scottish sovereign. "King Malcolm," thus the SaxonChronicle states, "came to our king, and became his man, promising allsuch obedience as he formerly rendered to his father; and that heconfirmed with an oath. And the king, William, promised him inland and inall things, whatever he formerly had under his father." In this way thestorm was dissipated, and matters placed on their former footing; butthus they did not long continue. On returning from Scotland, Rufus wasstruck with the admirable position of Carlisle, and its fitness to be afrontier barrier against future invasions from Scotland; upon which hetook possession of the district without ceremony, drove out its feudallord, and proceeded to lay the foundations of a strong castle, and plantan English colony in the town and neighbourhood. It was now Malcolm’sturn to interpose. Independently of his kingdom being thus bridled,Carlisle and the whole of Cumberland had for a long period belonged tothe elder son of the Scottish kings, and was one of the most valuable oftheir possessions on the English side of the Tweed. War was about tocommence afresh, when Malcolm was invited to Gloucester, where theEnglish king was holding his court, that the affair might be settled bynegotiation; but thither he refused to go, until he had obtained hostagesfor his safe return—a sure proof that he was an independent king of Scotl
    • Canonized as a saint in 1250
    • Malcolm besegrade och dödade MacBeth 1057
    • _P_CCINFO 1-7369
    • Malcolm besegrade och dödade MacBeth 1057
    • Malcolm III, born Malcolm Canmore, son of Duncan I killed Macbeth inbattle and became king of Scotland.
    • !SOURCES:
      1. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 1-3
      2. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 96-97
      3. Ancestors of King Edward III & Queen Philippa, Eng. 117
      4. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 112-13
    • !SOURCES:
      1. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 1-3
      2. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 96-97
      3. Ancestors of King Edward III & Queen Philippa, Eng. 117
      4. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 112-13
    • King of Scots 1058-1093.
    • Malcolm_III
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=b521e641-fb78-4323-b3fe-8c37533585ff&tid=8976248&pid=-762097935
    • Died an Infant
    • Malcolm III.
      Source:
      Stuart Roderick, W.
      Royalty for Commoners, 3rd Edit. Published, Genealogical Publishing Co, Inc. Baltomore, MD. 1998,
      ISBN-0-8063-1561-X Text 324-40
      Source II
      Alison Weir, Britains Royal Family A Complete Genealogy 1999, ppg 41-44
    • Malcolm III (skotsk-gælisk Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (født 1031, død 13. november 1093) var konge av Skottland fra 1058 til sin død. Malcolm var eldste sønn av Duncan I. Med Malcolm oppstod Huset Dunkeld, som styrte Skottland fra 1058 til 1286. Hele fire av hans sønner ble konger av Skottland: Duncan II, Edgar, Aleksander I og David I. En femte sønn, Edmund var utpekt arv og kanskje medkonge sammen med onkelen Donald Bane. Malcolms lange regime som varte i hele 35 år gikk forut den skotsk-normanniske epoken.

      Máel Coluim mac Donnchada er den gælisk formen fra middelalderen. I de fleste anglifiserte omtaler kalles han for Malcolm III, og i senere århundrer brukes også hans kallenavn Canmore som betyr ?Store hode? [1] eller ?langhals? i henhold til Orknøyingenes saga [2].

      Malcolms kongedømme tilsvarte ikke det samme området som dagens moderne Skottland: de nordlige og vestlige delene av Skottland forble under uavhengig norrøn, norrønt-gælisk, og gælisk kontroll, og de områdene som var under kontroll av skotske konger strakte seg ikke utover de grenser som Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) hadde satt før en gang på 1100-tallet. Malcolm III kjempet en rekke kriger mot engelske konger. Grunnen var muligens å erobre det engelske jarledømmet Northumbria. Imidlertid resulterte disse krigene ikke noen betydelig framgang sørover. Malcolms viktigste bedrift var å fortsette en slektslinje som kom til å styre Skottland for mange år, skjønt hans rolle som ?grunnlegger av et dynasti? har mer å gjøre med propagandaen til hans yngste sønn David og hans etterkommere enn med noen historisk realitet [3].

      Malcolms andre hustru, Sankt Margaret av Skottland, ble senere helgenerklært og er Skottlands eneste kongelige helgen. Malcolm selv fikk intet rykte for å være from. Med unntak av klosteret Dunfermline Abbey er han absolutt ikke assosiert med noe betydelig religiøse hus eller geistlige reformer.

      Bakgrunn
      Se hovedartikkel, Skottland i høymiddelalderen

      Malcolm IIIMalcolms far Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin) ble konge på slutten av 1034 ved at Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda), hans bestefar på farsiden, døde. I henhold til den skotske kronikøren John av Fordun, hvis redegjørelse var den opprinnelige kilden til i det minste deler av William Shakespeares tragedie Macbeth, var Malcolms mor en niese til Siward, jarl av Northumbria [4], men en tidligere kongeliste gir henne det gæliske navn Suthen, skjønt de to informasjonene trenger ikke nødvendigvis å motsi hverandre da kongelige ofte fikk nye navn ved ekteskap [5].

      Duncans regime var ikke preget av suksess og han ble drept av Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findlaích) den 15. august 1040. Selv om Shakespeares drama Macbeth presenterer Malcolm som en voksen mann og far som en gammel en, synes det som om Duncan fortsatt var ung i 1040 [6], og Malcolm og hans bror Donald Bane (Domnall Bán) var kun barn [7]. Malcolms familie gjorde et forsøk på kaste Macbeth i 1045, men Malcolms bestefar Crínán av Dunkeld ble drept i forsøket [8].

      I henhold til en alternativ versjon tok Malcolms mor begge sine sønner med i landflyktighet til hoffet til Torfinn Sigurdsson Rike, jarl av Orknøyene, en fiende av Macbeths familie og kanskje en slektning av Duncans familie ved giftemål [9]

      En engelsk invasjon i 1054 som jarl Siward ledet hadde som mål å sette inn Máel Coluim, ?sønn av kongen til kombrianerne (dvs Strathclyde)?. Denne Máel Coluim, kanskje en sønn av Owen den skallete, forsvinner fra historien etter denne korte omtalen, men har blitt forvekslet med kong Malcolm III [10].

      I 1057 rapporterte flere krøniker at Macbeth døde for Malcolms hånd den 15. august 1057 ved Lumphanan i Aberdeenshire [11]. Macbeth ble etterfulgt av sin stesønn Lulach som ble kronet ved Scone, sannsynligvis den 8. september 1057. Lulach ble deretter drept av Malcolm ?ved forræderi? [12] i nærheten av Huntly den 23. april 1058. Etter dette ble Malcolm konge, kanskje innviet den 25. april 1058, skjønt det er kun John av Fordun som rapporterer dette [13]


      Malcolm og Ingebjørg

      Senmiddelaldersk avbildning av Malcolm III / Máel Coluim III med MacDuib (?MacDuff?), fra et manuscript (Corpus Christi MS 171) av Walter Bower's Scotichronicon.Om den normanniske kronikøren Orderic Vitalis kan stoles på var en av Malcolms første handlinger som konge å reise sørover til hoffet til Edvard Bekjenneren i 1059 for å arrangere et ekteskap med dennes slektning Margaret som hadde kommet til England to år tidligere fra Ungarn [14]. Om det er riktig at han besøkte det engelske hoffet var han den første regjerende skotske monark som så gjorde på mer enn 80 år. Om en ekteskapskontrakt ble inngått i 1059 er den ikke blitt bevart, og dette kan forklare den skotske invasjonen i Northumbria i 1061 da Lindisfarne ble plyndret [15]. Likeledes, Malcolms hærtokt i Northumbria kan ha vært relatert til det bestridte ?kongedømmet til kombrianerne?, reetablert av jarl Siward i 1054, som kom under Malcolms kontroll i 1070 [16].

      Orknøyingenes saga forteller at Malcolm giftet seg med Ingebjørg Finnsdatter (i engelske kilder forvansket til ?Ingibiorg?), enken til jarl Torfinn Sigurdsson Rike, en datter av Finn Arnesson og som vokste opp på Austrått [17]. Selv om det er antatt at Ingebjørg døde kort tid før år 1070 er det også mulig at hun døde mye tidligere, en gang rundt 1058 [18]. Orknøyingenes saga nedtegner at Malcolm og Ingebjørg hadde en sønn, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim) og som senere ble konge [19]. Noen middelalderske kommentarer som følger William av Malmesbury hevder at Duncan var illegitim, men denne påstanden er propaganda som reflekterer behovet til Malcolms etterkommere med Margaret til å underminere kravene til Duncans etterkommere, klanen Meic Uilleim (MacWilliams) [20]. Malcolms sønn Domnall som ble rapportert død i 1085 er ikke nevnt av forfatteren av Orknøyingenes saga. Det er likevel antatt han må ha blitt født av Ingebjørg [21].

      Malcolms ekteskap med Ingebjørg sikret ham fred i nord og vest. Snorre Sturlasons Heimskringla forteller at hennes far Finn Arnesson hadde vært en rådgiver for kong Harald Hårfagre og, etter at han ble uvenner med Harald, deretter gjort til jarl av Svein Estridsson, konge av Danmark og en uforsonlig fiende av norskekongen, noe som kan ha vært en annen grunn for Malcolm til å inngå ekteskapet [22]. Malcolm kunne nyte et fredfylt forhold til jarlene på Orkneyøyene, styrt i fellesskap av hans stesønner Erlend Torfinnsson og Pål Torfinnsson (1064-1098). Orknøyingenes saga forteller også om strid med Norge, men dette er sannsynligvis feilplassert ettersom det er assosiert med Magnus Berrføtt som ble konge av Norge først i 1093, det samme året som Malcolm døde [23].


      Malcolm og Margaret

      Malcolm og Margaret slik de er avbildet i en heraldisk bok fra 1500-tallet. Merk at våpenskjoldene som begge bærer på klærne, Malcolm bærer Skottlands love, som historisk sett ikke ble benyttet før hans barnebarns sønn Vilhelm Løven; Margaret bærer det antatte våpenskjoldet til Edvard Bekjenneren, hennes grandonkel, skjønt våpenskjoldet ble faktisk funnet opp på slutten av senmiddelalderen.Selv om Malcolm hadde gitt tilfluktssted for Toste Godwinson da northumbrianerne drev ham ut var ikke Malcolm direkte involvert i den skjebnetunge invasjonen av England som Harald Hardråde og Toste gjorde i 1066, som til tross for innledende suksess endte det med nederlag og død i slaget ved Stamford bru [24]. I 1068 ga Malcolm asyl til en gruppe angelsaksiske flyktninger som rømte fra Vilhelm Erobreren, blant dem Agatha, enke etter Edvard Bekjennerens nevø Edvard den landflyktige og hennes barn: Edgar Ætheling og hans søstre Margaret og Cristina. De ble forfulgt av Cospatric, jarl av Northumbria. De landflyktige ble dog skuffet da de hadde håpet på øyeblikkelig støtte fra skottene [25].

      I 1069 dro de landflyktige tilbake til England for å delta i å spre et opprør i nordlige England. Selv om Cospatric og Siwards sønnWaltheof II underkastet seg ved slutten av året, synes ankomsten av en dansk hær under ledelse av Svein Estridsson synes å forsikre at Vilhelms posisjon forble svak. Malcolm besluttet å gå til krig og førte sin hær inn i Cumbria og krysset fjellkjeden Penninene, herjet Teesdale og Cleveland før han igjen vendte nordover, nedlastet med plyndret bytte, til Wearmouth. Der møtte Malcolm Edgar Ætheling og hans familie som ble invitert til reise sammen med ham, noe de takket nei til. Da danskekongen lot seg bli kjøpt av Vilhelm Erobreren og dro tilbake til Danmark, dro også Malcolm tilbake til Skottland. Som represalier sendte Vilhelm Cospatric nordover for å herje Skottland gjennom Cumbria. Til gjengjeld herjet den skotske flåten kysten av Northumbria hvor Cospatrics besittelser var samlet [26]. Senere det samme året, kanskje skipbrudden på sjøvegen til landflyktighet i Europa, kom Edgar og hans familie igjen tilbake til Skottland, denne gangen for å bli. Ved slutten av 1070 hadde Malcolm giftet seg med Edgars søster, den framtidige Sankt Margaret av Skottland [27].

      Navngivningen av deres barn representerte et brudd med den skotske tradisjonen for å gi navn til de kongelige med navn som Malcolm, Cináed og Áed. Formålet med å navngi Margarets sønner, Edvard etter hennes far Edvard den landflyktige, Edmund etter hennes bestefar Edmund Jernside, Ethelred etter hennes oldefar Ethelred den rådville og Edgar etter hennes bror eller hennes tippoldefar Edgar den fredsommelige var kanskje også et signal til den angelsaksiske befolkningen i det normanniske England hvor Vilhelm Erobrerens maktgrep var langt fra sikkert [28]. Om det var med tanke på antikkens Aleksander den store som var grunnen for navnet til den framtidige Aleksander I av Skottland, eller etter pave Alexander II er uvisst, tilsvarende om det var den bibelske kong David for den framtidige David I av Skottland, men navnene representerte en anerkjennelse som Vilhelm av Normandie ikke enkelt kunne fjerne. Om det var gjentagelsen av angelsaksiske kongenavn, en annen Edmund hadde vært forut Edgar, er heller ikke kjent. Margaret ga også Malcolm to døtre, Edith som senere ble gift med Henrik I av England, og Mary/Maria, som senere ble gift med grev Eustace III av Boulogne.


      Vilhelm Rufus, ?den røde?, konge av England (1087-1100).I 1072 da massakrene i Nord-England var fullført og hans posisjon igjen var sikret kom Vilhelm Erobreren igjen nordover med en hær og en flåte. Malcolm møtte Vilhelm ved Abernethy og i ordene til Den angelsaksiske krønike ?ble hans mann? og måtte utlevere sin eldste sønn Duncan som gissel og samtidig arrangere en fredsavtale mellom Vilhelm og Edgar Ætheling [29]. Å akseptere engelsk overherredømme var ikke noe nytt for Skottland, tidligere konger hadde også gjort det samme, og uten at det resulterte i noe. Det samme var tilfelle for Malcolm; hans enighet med den engelsk (normanniske) kongen ble fulgt med nye hærtokt inn i Northumbria, noe som førte til ytterligere bråk i jarledømmet og endte med biskop William Walcher ble drept ved Gateshead. I 1080 sendte Vilhelm sin sønn Robert Curthose nordover med en hær mens hans bror Odo straffet northumbrianerne. Malcolm var igjen nødt til å inngå fred, og denne gangen ble den holdt i over et tiår [30].

      Malcolm møtte lite indre motstand som er nedtegnet, et unntak er dog Lulachs sønn Máel Snechtai. I en uvanlig opptegnelse, for Den angelsaksiske krønike inneholder svært lite om hendelsene i Skottland, forteller krøniken om året 1078:

      ?Malcholom (Malcolm) grep moren til Mælslæhtan (Máel Snechtai)... og alle hans rikdommer og alt hans kveg; og han selv unnslapp med store vanskeligheter.? [31]
      Uansett hva som framprovoserte denne striden, Máel Snechtai overlevde fram til 1085. Hans død er rapportert av Ulster-annalene og beskrevet som ?lykkelig?, vanligvis et tegn på at den avdøde hadde blitt religiøs eller gått inn i prestestanden.


      Malcolm og Vilhelm Rufus
      Da Vilhelm Rufus ble konge av England etter hans fars død blandet ikke Malcolm seg inn i opprørene som oppsto ved de som støttet Rufus' eldre bror Robert Curthose. I 1091, imidlertid, da Vilhelm Rufus konfiskerte Edgar Æthelings landområder i England og Edgar igjen flyktet til Skottland, samlet Malcolm den skotske hæren og i mai marsjerte han sørover, ikke for å plyndre, ta slaver og herje, men for beleire Newcastle, reist av Robert Curthose i 1080. Dette synes å ha vært et forsøk på flytte grensen fra elven Tweed til elven Tees. Denne trusselen var nok til å få den engelske kongen tilbake fra Normandie hvor han hadde bekjempet sin bror Robert Curthose, nå hertug av Normandie etter farens død. I september, da Malcolm fikk høre at Vilhelm Rufus kom nordover med en hær, trakk han seg øyeblikk tilbake nordover, men de engelsk fulgte etter. I motsetningen til 1072 var Malcolm nå forberedt på å slåss, men en fredsavtale ble likevel inngått og igjen måtte Malcolm anerkjenne engelske overherredømme [32].

      I 1092 begynte freden å smuldre opp. Basert på enkelte historikeres oppfatningen om at skottene kontrollerte det meste av dagens Cumbria har det blitt foreslått at Vilhelm Rufus' nye festning ved Carlisle og hans bosetning av engelske bønder i de omliggende områdene var grunnen til uroen. Imidlertid er det ikke sannsynlig at Malcolm kontrollerte Cumbria, og at striden isteden angikk de engelske eiendommene som var gitt til Malcolm av Vilhelm Rufus' far i 1072. Malcolm sendte budbringere for å diskutere spørsmålet og Vilhelm Rufus aksepterte et møte. Malcolm reiste da sør til Gloucester, stoppet ved klosteret Wilton Abbey for å besøke sin datter Edith og svigerinne Cristina. Malcolm kom fram den 24. august bare for å finne ut at Vilhelm Rufus nektet å forhandle og isteden insisterte på at uenigheten måtte bli dømt og avgjort av de engelske baronene. Dette nektet Malcolm å akseptere og reiste straks tilbake til Skottland [33].

      Det synes ikke som om Vilhelm Rufus forsøkte å provosere fram en krig, men som Den angelsaksiske krønike rapporterte, krigen kom uansett:

      ?Av denne grunn skiltes de meget misfornøyde, og kong Malcolm dro tilbake til Skottland. Og så snart han kom hjem samlet han sin hær, og kom opprivende inn i England med mer fiendskap enn det som sømmet ham...?
      Malcolm hadde Edvard, sin eldste sønn med Margaret og sannsynligvis utpekt som arving (eller tánaiste), med seg og dessuten sin andre sønn, Edgar [34]. Selv for de harde og nådeløse tidene den gang var skottenes herjing av Northumbria sett på som spesielt brutal [35].


      Død

      Dunfermline Abbey, portalen.Da Malcolm marsjerte nordover igjen ble han overfalt av Robert de Mowbray, jarl av Northumbria, hvis landområder som Malcolm hadde herjet. Angrepet skjedde i nærheten av Alnwick den 13. november 1093. Den gamle skotske kongen ble drept av Arkil Morel, steward ved festningen Bamburgh Castle. Denne konflikten ble senere kjent som slaget ved Alnwick. Edvard ble dødelig såret i det samme slaget. Inisfallen-annalene forteller at Malcolm ?ble drept med sin sønn i et ubevoktet øyeblikk i slaget?. Malcolms hustru Margaret døde kort tid, ble det sagt, etter å ha mottatt nyheten om deres død fra Edgar [36]. Ulster-annalene sier:

      ?Mael Coluim, sønn av Donnchad, overkonge av Skottland, og Edvard, hans sønn, ble drept av de franske i Inber Alda i England. Hans dronning, Margaret, dessuten, døde av sorg for ham innen ni dager?. [37].
      Malcolms lik ble fraktet til klosteret Tynemouth Priory for å bli gravlagt. Det kan senere ha blitt gravlagt på nytt ved Dunfermline Abbey under hans sønn Aleksanders regime, eller kanskje på Iona [38].

      Den 19. juni 1250, etter at Malcolms hustru Margaret ble helgenerklært av pave Innocent IV ble hennes jordiske levninger atskilt og plassert i et relikvieskrin. Tradisjonen vil ha det til at skrinet ble båret til høyalteret i Dunfermline Abbey, men da det skulle passere forbi Malcolms grav ble det med ett for tungt til å flyttes. Av denne grunn ble Malcolms levninger også atskilt og ble gravlagt ved siden av Margaret ved alteret [39].


      Ekteskap og familie
      Omkring 1065 giftet han seg med Ingebjørg Finnsdatter. Paret fikk tre sønner:

      Duncan II
      Donald (død 1085)
      Malcolm (død etter 1094)
      Ingebjørg døde ikke senere enn 1070, og Malcolm giftet seg med Margaret og som gjorde mye for å fremme kristendommen i den romersk-katolske formen i Skottland på bekostning av den eksisterende gælisk kirken. Margaret og Malcolm fikk åtte barn sammen:

      Edvard (drept 1093)
      Edmund I
      Ethelred, abbed av Dunkeld
      Edgar I
      Alexander I
      David I
      Edith (Matilda), gift med Henrik I av England
      Mary, gift med Eustace III av Boulogne

      Litteratur
      Anderson, Alan Orr: Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500-1286, volume 1. Nytrykk med rettelser. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
      Anderson, Alan Orr: Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers. D. Nutt, London, 1908.
      Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie: Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, revidert utgave 1980. ISBN 0-7011-1604-8
      Ukjente forf.: Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney, overs. Hermann Pálsson & Paul Edwards. Penguin, London, 1978. ISBN 0-14-044383-5
      Barrell, A.D.M.: Medieval Scotland. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. ISBN 0-521-58602-X
      Clancy, Thomas Owen: ?St. Margaret? i Michael Lynch (red.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-211696-7
      Barrow, G.W.S.: Kingship and Unity: Scotland, 1000-1306. Reprinted, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1989. ISBN 0-7486-0104-X
      Barrow, G.W.S.: The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1
      Broun, Dauvit: The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Boydell, Woodbridge, 1999. ISBN 0-85115-375-5
      Burton, John Hill: The History of Scotland, New Edition, 8 vols, Edinburgh 1876
      Duncan, A.A.M.: The Kingship of the Scots 842-1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
      Dunlop, Eileen: Queen Margaret of Scotland. National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2005. ISBN 1-901663-92-2
      John av Fordun: Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, red. William Forbes Skene, overs. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X
      Hammond, Matthew H.: ?Ethnicity and Writing of Medieval Scottish History?, in The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 85, April, 2006, pp. 1-27
      McDonald, R. Andrew: The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100-c.1336. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 1997. ISBN 1-898410-85-2
      McDonald, R. Andrew: Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058-1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN 1-86232-236-8
      Oram, Richard: David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
      Ritchie, R. L. Graeme: The Normans in Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, 1954
      Reid, Norman, ?Kings and Kingship: Canmore Dynasty? i Michael Lynch (red.), op. cit.
      Sturlason, Snorre: Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, overs. Lee M. Hollander. Nytrykk University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
      Young, James, red.: Historical References to the Scottish Family of Lauder, Glasgow, 1884

      Referanser
      ^ Ritchie, side 3. Burton, vol. 1, side 350, uttaler: ?Malcolm sønn av Duncan er kjent som Malcolm III., men kanskje enda bedre ved hans karakteristiske navn Canmore, etter sigende å komme fra keltiske Caenmohr, i betydningen store hode?.
      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, c. 33.
      ^ Hammond, side 21. Den første genealogi kjent som sporet avstamning fra Malcolm, heller enn fra Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) eller fra Fergus Mór, er datert til regimet til kong Alexander II, se Broun, sidene 195-200.
      ^ Fordun, IV, xliv. Young oppgir henne også som en niese av Siward, se Young, side 30.
      ^ Duncan, side 37; M.O. Anderson, side 284.
      ^ Notisen om Duncans død i Tigernach-annalene for årstallet 1040 sier at han var ?drept... ved en ungdommelig alder?, Duncan, side 33.
      ^ Duncan, side 33; Oram, David I, side 18. Det kan ha vært en tredje bror om Máel Muire av Atholl var en sønn av Duncan. Oram, David I, side 97, note 26, avviser dog denne identifikasjonen.
      ^ Duncan, side 41; Ulster-annalene, s.a. 1045; Tigernach-annalene, s.a. 1045.
      ^ Duncan, side 42; Oram, David I, sidene 18-20. Malcolm hadde tilknytning til Orknøyene senere i livet. Jarl Torfinn kan ha vært et barnebarn av Malcolm II og således Malcolms fetter.
      ^ Om Máel Coluim, ?sønn av kongen til kombrianerne?, se Duncan, sidene 37-41; Oram, David I, sidene 18-20. Derimot, Ritchie, side 5, skriver at Duncan plasserte sin sønn, den framtidige Malcolm III av Skottland, i besittelse av Cumbria som dets prins, og slår fast at Siward invaderte Skottland i 1054 for å gjeninnsette ham på den skotske tronen. Den skotske filosofen fra slutten av 1400-tallet, Hector Boece, hevdet også dette (vol.XII side 249), det samme gjør Young, side 30
      ^ Ritchie, side 7. Anderson, ESSH, sidene 600-602; Bercháns profeti forteller at Macbeth ble såret i slaget og plasserer hans død ved Scone
      ^ I henhold til Tigernach-annalene; Ulster-annalene sier at Lulach ble drept i kamp med Malcolm, se Anderson, ESSH, sidene 603-604.
      ^ Duncan, side 50-51 diskuterer dateringen av disse hendelsene.
      ^ Duncan, side 43; Ritchie, sidene 7-8.
      ^ Duncan, side 43; Oram, David I, side 21.
      ^ Oram, David I, side 21.
      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, c. 33, Duncan, sidene 42-43.
      ^ Se Duncan, sidene 42-43, daterer Ingebjørgs død til 1058. Oram, David I, side 22-23, daterer ekteskapet mellom Malcolm og Ingebjørg til rundt år 1065.
      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, c. 33.
      ^ Duncan, sidene 54-55; Broun, side 196; Anderson, SAEC, sidene 117-119.
      ^ Duncan, side 55; Oram, David I, side 23. Domnalls død er blitt rapportert av Ulster-annalene, s.a. 1085: ?... Domnall, sønn av Máel Coluim, konge av Alba,... endte (sitt) liv ulykkelig?. Imidlertid er det ikke sikkert at Domnalls far var denne Máel Coluim. M.O. Anderson, ESSH, corrigenda p. xxi, antar at Domnall har vært en sønn av Máel Coluim mac Maíl Brigti, konge eller mormaer av Moray, som er kalt ?konge av Skottland? i hans nekrolog i 1059.
      ^ Saga om Harald Hardråde, cc. 45ff.; Saga om Magnus Erlingsson, c. 30. Se også Oram, David I, sidene 22-23.
      ^ Orkneyinga Saga, cc. 39-41; McDonald, Kingdom of the Isles, sidene 34-37.
      ^ Adam av Bremen skriver at Malcolm kjempet ved Stamford bru, men han er den eneste som hevder dette: Anderson, SAEC, side 87, note 3.
      ^ Oram, David I, side 23; Anderson, SAEC, sidene 87-90. Orderic Vitalis uttaler at de engelske (angelsakserne) ba om Malcolm assistanse.
      ^ Duncan, sidene 44-45; Oram, David I, sidene 23-24.
      ^ Oram, David I, side 24; Clancy, ?St. Margaret?, daterer bryllupet til 1072.
      ^ Malcolms sønner med Ingebjørg ble sannsynligvis antatt å være de som etterfulgte sin far på den skotske tronen, Oram, David I, side 26.
      ^ Oram, sidene 30-31; Anderson, SAEC, side 95.
      ^ Oram, David I, side 33.
      ^ Anderson, SAEC, side 100.
      ^ Oram, David I, side 34-35; Anderson, SAEC, side 104-108.
      ^ Duncan, side 47-48; Oram, David I, side 35-36; Anderson, SAEC, side 109-110.
      ^ Duncan, side 54; Oram, David I, side 42.
      ^ Anderson, SAEC, side 97-113, inneholder en rekke engelske krøniker som fordømmer Malcolms tallrike invasjoner av Northumbria.
      ^ Oram, sidene 37-38; Anderson, SAEC, sidene 114-115.
      ^ Den tilsvarende notisen Innisfallen-annalene avsluttes ?og Margaréta, hans hustru, døde av sorg for ham.?
      ^ Anderson, SAEC, side 111-113. M.O. Anderson trykker opp tre kongelister, listene F, I og K, som gir et sted for Malcolms grav. Disse sier henholdsvis Iona, Dunfermline, og Tynemouth.
      ^ Dunlop, side 93.
    • Elämänkerrallisia tietojaMalcolm III, King of Scotland (Malcolm Canmore) Malcolm III, b. c.1031, d. Nov. 13, 1093, founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years, and consolidated the power of the Scottish monarchy. He was the son of Duncan I, who in 1040 was killed by MACBETH. Malcolm lived in exile until 1057, when he defeated and killed Macbeth near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson. Malcolm's second wife was Margaret (later canonized as MARGARET OF SCOTLAND) of the English royal house of Wessex, who fled to Scotland after the Norman conquest (1066) of England. She introduced a powerful English influence in Scotland. Malcolm invaded England many times, after 1068 supporting the claim of his brother-in-law Edgar Atheling to the English throne. In 1072, however, he was forced to pay homage to William I, and in 1091, to William II. He was finally defeated and killed by Norman forces at Alnwick. He was succeeded briefly by his brother Donald Bane and then by his son Duncan II. Three other sons also succeeded to the throne--Edgar (r. 1097-1107), Alexander I (r. 1107-24), and DAVID I (r. 1124-53). Charles H. Haws Bibliography: Barrow, G. W., Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306 (1981); Duncan, A. A. M., Scotland: the Making of the Kingdom (1975)
    • kingmalcolm3a
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=508d7042-17f1-4fb4-a697-e488496464aa&tid=9784512&pid=-559747147
    • Malcolm Canmore (King Malcolm III) (1031-1093)
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=3e23229d-aa65-4e3a-ad57-f066d3556f22&tid=9784512&pid=-559747147
    • Malcolm III (St Margaret)
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=2b7a1582-fea5-44e6-9e72-386887c9c3bc&tid=9784512&pid=-639111204
    • King Malcolm III of Scotland
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=9837814e-e14d-4945-a5b5-6fff7e83a90b&tid=9784512&pid=-639111204
    • _P_CCINFO 1-20792
      Original individual @P2442106131@ (@MS_NHFETTERLYFAMIL0@) merged with @P2308132308@ (@MS_NHFETTERLYFAMIL0@)
    • [large-G675.FTW]

      Macbeth siezed the throne of Scotland in 1040 after defeating and killingDuncan I near elgin. He based his claim to the crown on his wife's royaldescent (Duncan's former wife Sybal). Malcolm III, son of Duncan I, andEarl Siward of Northumberland defeated Macbeth at Dunsinane in 1054, butthey did not dethrone him. Three years later, Malcolm III killed Macbethat Lumphanan. Macbeth's stepson Lulach reigned for a few months, and thenMalcolm III succeeded him as king.

      William Shakespeare based his play, Macbeth, one of his greatesttragedies, upon a distorted version of these events which he found inRaphael Holinshed's 'Chronicle of Scottish History.' The only kernel ofhistorical truth in the play is Duncan's death at the hand of Macbeth.From this fact, Shakespeare drew his portrait of ambition leading to aviolent and tragic end.

      Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p M4. 'Ancestrial Roots ofSixty Colonists Who Came to New England between 1623 and 1650', 1969,Frederick Lewis Weis, p 111.

      Source: 'Ancestrial Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New Englandbetween 1623 and 1650', 1969, Frederick Lewis Weis, p 111. 'Royalty forCommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 2.

      Acceded 1057-1093.[large-G675.FTW]

      Macbeth siezed the throne of Scotland in 1040 after defeating and killingDuncan I near elgin. He based his claim to the crown on his wife's royaldescent (Duncan's former wife Sybal). Malcolm III, son of Duncan I, andEarl Siward of Northumberland defeated Macbeth at Dunsinane in 1054, butthey did not dethrone him. Three years later, Malcolm III killed Macbethat Lumphanan. Macbeth's stepson Lulach reigned for a few months, and thenMalcolm III succeeded him as king.

      William Shakespeare based his play, Macbeth, one of his greatesttragedies, upon a distorted version of these events which he found inRaphael Holinshed's 'Chronicle of Scottish History.' The only kernel ofhistorical truth in the play is Duncan's death at the hand of Macbeth.From this fact, Shakespeare drew his portrait of ambition leading to aviolent and tragic end.

      Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p M4. 'Ancestrial Roots ofSixty Colonists Who Came to New England between 1623 and 1650', 1969,Frederick Lewis Weis, p 111.

      Source: 'Ancestrial Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New Englandbetween 1623 and 1650', 1969, Frederick Lewis Weis, p 111. 'Royalty forCommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 2.
    • Criança quando o pai foi assassinado por Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findlaích), passou a infância na Nortúmbria refugiado com o tio, o conde Siward, que o estabeleceu em 1054 na Cúmbria e em Lothian, tendo então adotado costumes anglo-saxões. Permaneceu 15 anos na corte saxônica, no reinado de Eduardo. Até 1058 pode observar o estilo de governo dos reis e como Eduardo era altamente impopular com os aristocratas saxões, pode conhecer também os problemas.
      Por vingança, destruiu o castelo de Inverness e levantou outro perto, na colina do Castelo ou Castle Hill. Invadiu a Inglaterra cinco vezes entre 1061 e 1093.
    • "DUNKELD"; KNOWN AS "CAENMOR"(GREAT HEAD)"MACDUNCAN"; KING OF SCOTS 1058-1093;
      REGAINED PROVINCES FROM THORFINN, KILLING HIM AT LUMPHANAN; SLAIN WHILE
      BESIEGING ALNWICK CASTLE
    • Malcom III Canmore van Schotland, geb. 1031, ovl. 13.11.1093 (vermoord), begraven in Abdij van Dunfermline, ref. nr. 23.06.2003 ES II-78 /-89, HLp592.6,55 Koning der Schotten 1058. Trouwt (1) ca. 1059 Ingeborg van Halland, d.v. Jarl Finn Arnesson en Berglioth van Noorwegen, weduwe van Thorfin II Earl of Caithness. Hij trouwde met Margareta de Heilige van Engeland, getrouwd 1069/70.
    • Founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom.

      The son of King Duncan I (reigned 1034-40), Malcolm lived in exile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned 1040-57). Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by William the Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his second wife.

      Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of William in 1072 but nevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raids into England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by the forces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087-1100). Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeeded to the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53).
    • !SOURCES:
      1. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 1-3
      2. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 96-97
      3. Ancestors of King Edward III & Queen Philippa, Eng. 117
      4. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 112-13
    • Malcolm_III of Scotland
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d3ead566-3dea-4431-8f3c-30d73e23751c&tid=8976248&pid=-762097935
    • Malcolm III of Scotland
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=f2efe284-ab1a-4faf-8344-65a283c72c2d&tid=8976248&pid=-762097935
    • 28th great grandfather

      Malcolm III is one that killed the Legendary Macbeth in 1057.
      He was also the King of Strathclyde.
    • Malcolm III (Canmore), king of Scotland (1054-93), a child when in 1040 his father, King Duncan, was slain by Macbeth. In 1054 he ascended the throne of all Scotland. For a number of years he was free to devote his energies to the consolidation of his kingdom, England being ruled by the peaceful Edward the Confessor. But after 1066 the history of his long reign is one of ceaseless warfare with the Normans. He twice invaded England, but on both occasions counter invasions forced him to surrender. [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]

      Malcolm called Caenn-mor (Canmore) �great head� was a child when his Father was slain by MacBeth in 1040. He spent his youth in Northumbria with his Uncle Siward. Ascended to the throne 17 Mar 1057-8. Under Malcolm III, the provinces which had been acquired by Thorfinn returned to native rule. He harried Northumbria five times and there were counter invasions by William the Conqueror and Prince Robert of Normandy. In 1092, King William Rufus of England wrested from Scotland all Cumbria south of the Solway Firth. The next year Malcolm marched into England, but was entrapped and slain at Alnwick. He left five sons, of whom four succeeded him as Kings of Scots. His reign marked the change of Scotland from the Celtic Church and tribal society to a feudal society using the Roman rite; but much of the change was due to his saintly queen. {Burke�s Peerage and Chamber�s Biographical Dictionary} [GADD.GED]
    • Malcolm Canmore (King Malcolm III) (1031-1093)
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=87ba9b96-6f8b-46c8-87b1-bb18ea9716c2&tid=10145763&pid=-363660275
    • Malcolm Canmore (King Malcolm III) (1031-1093)
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=87ba9b96-6f8b-46c8-87b1-bb18ea9716c2&tid=10145763&pid=-363660275
    • Malcolm III CANMORE (b. c. 1031--d. Nov. 13, 1093, near Alnwick, Northumberland, Eng.), king of Scotland from 1058 to 1093, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom.

      The son of King Duncan I (reigned 1034-40), Malcolm lived in exile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned 1040-57). Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by William the Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his second wife.

      Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of William in 1072 but nevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raids into England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by the forces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087-1100). Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeeded to the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53). [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97]

      According to Brian Tompsett, "interred at Escorial, Madrid, Spain."

      Malcolm III built Kindrochit Castle, Braemar, Aberdeenshire between 1057-1093.
      Click here for Photo of Kindrochit Castle (use browser back arrow to return)
    • Malcolm III of Scotland
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=1baea98b-abcb-4f11-9bfc-ad49bf9a763b&tid=2440653&pid=-1177222013
    • Strangled as a child by his great grand uncle Donald Bane.
    • King Malcolm III of Scotland
      h t t p : / / t r e e s . a n c e s t r y . c o m / r d ? f = i m a g e&guid=40f752a6-d0a5-4297-adc8-d783433dd391&tid=312040&pid=-1978492591
    • image
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=08a7160d-75b5-4f58-9f79-b49d69711cba&tid=10524335&pid=-607260530
    • Malcome III Canmore
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=70dba294-f5b7-423f-b70a-054ebe55aa24&tid=10524335&pid=-607260530
    • BIOGRAPHY
      Malcolm was born about 1031. He was still a child when his father King Duncan was murdered by Macbeth in 1040. He spent his youth in Northumbria with his uncle Earl Siward, who in 1054 established him in Cumbria and Lothian.

      In 1057, after Macbeth was killed, Malcolm became king of all Scotland. With his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir av Austraat of Halland, widow of Thorfinn of Orkney, he had several sons of whom Duncan would have progeny and briefly succeeded him. After the death of Ingibiorg in 1069 Malcolm married Margaret of Wessex, sister of Edgar Atheling, whose cause he adopted. Malcolm and Margaret had six sons and two daughters.

      He attacked Northumbria five times (in 1069, 1070, 1079, 1091 and 1093) and there were counter-invasions by William the Conqueror and Prince Robert in 1072 and 1080. In 1092 William's son William II Rufus wrested from Scotland all of Cumbria south of the Solway. In the following year Malcolm marched into England, but he was trapped and killed at Alnwick on 13 November 1093. Four of his sons succeeded him: Duncan, Edgar, Alexander and David.
    • He became king in 1058 after killing Lulach one year after he had killed Macbethad. A ruthless and oppportunistic warrior, he stamped his authority over Scotland and was to maintain this unquestioned might that won him his nickname, Ceann Mór (Canmore), "Great Head" or "Great Chief," from which the dynasty he founded, which ruled Scotland for nearly two and a half centuries, receives its name. Married twice, he named his sons by his second wife as his successors. He was killed in an ambush near Alnwick in 1093. He was succeeded by his brother, Domnall (Donald III) mac Donnchada. He was canonized in 1250.
    • He became king in 1058 after killing Lulach one year after he had killed Macbethad. A ruthless and oppportunistic warrior, he stamped his authority over Scotland and was to maintain this unquestioned might that won him his nickname, Ceann Mór (Canmore), "Great Head" or "Great Chief," from which the dynasty he founded, which ruled Scotland for nearly two and a half centuries, receives its name. Married twice, he named his sons by his second wife as his successors. He was killed in an ambush near Alnwick in 1093. He was succeeded by his brother, Domnall (Donald III) mac Donnchada. He was canonized in 1250.
    • Canonized as a saint in 1250
    • Canonized as a saint in 1250
    • !SOURCES:
      1. Scots Peerage, Scot 2b, v. 1, p. 1-3
      2. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 96-97
      3. Ancestors of King Edward III & Queen Philippa, Eng. 117
      4. Keiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 112-13
    • The eldest son of Duncan I and Sibylla of Northumbria, who was born about 1031. On his father's accession to the Scottish throne in 1034 he was made King of Strathclyde, although no more than three years old. He was forced into exile in England after his father's murder by Macbeth in 1040, but after he grew up raised an army and, with the help of Siward, Earl of Northumberland, conquered Lothian in 1054. He defeated and killed Macbeth at Lumphanan in August 1057 and Lulach at Essie in March 1058, thereby becoming the unrivalled King of Scots. He was crowned at Scone on 25 April 1058. It was probably in the following year that he married Ingibiorg, widow of Thorfinn II, Earl of Caithness and Jarl or Orkney, and daughter of Finn Arnesson of Brjar, Jarl of Halland, and his wife Bergljot, daughter of Halfdan Sigurdsson, half-brother of Olav II 'the Saint', King of Norway. She bore him three sons, Duncan II, Malcolm and Donald, and died before 1069, when Malcolm was married at Dunfermline to his second wife, St Margaret, by whom he had six other sons and two daughters.
      Malcolm did homage to William I the Conqueror of England in 1072 and to William II in 1091. In 1093 he invaded Northumberland and was treacherously killed at Alnwick on 13 November 1093. He was buried first at Tynemouth, but his body was later removed to Dunfermline by his son Alexander I.
    • Malcolm III "Ceanmor (Longneck)" King of Scotland, founder of the dynastythat consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom. The son of KingDuncan I, Malcolm lived in exile in England during part of the reign ofhis father's murderer, Macbeth. Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by Williamthe Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon princeEdgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St.Margaret), became his second wife. Malcolm acknowledged the overlordshipof William in 1072 but nevertheless soon violated his feudal obligationsand made five raids into England. During the last of these invasions hewas killed by the forces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087-1100),near Alnwick, Northumberland, England. Except for a brief interval afterMalcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until thedeath of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's sixsons by Margaret, three succeeded to the throne: Edgar (reigned1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53).
    • GIVN Malcolm III
      SURN Canmore
      NSFX King of Scotland
      AFN 8XJB-53
      _PRIMARY Y
      DATE 9 SEP 2000
      TIME 13:15:43
    • GIVN Malcolm III
      SURN Canmore
      NSFX King of Scotland
      AFN 8XJB-53
      _PRIMARY Y
      DATE 9 SEP 2000
      TIME 13:15:43
    • Source #1: Frederick Lewis Weis, "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700" - Seventh Edition, with additions and corrections by Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr., assisted by Davis Faris (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1995), pp. 2-3; 147

      Slew Macbeth 1057. King of Strathclyde.

      A. K. A. Malcolm Canmore; King of Scots, 1058-1093; crowned at Scone, 17 March 1057/58. Slain while besieging Alnwick Castle, 13 November 1093. Married, 1st, 1059, Ingibiorg, daughter of Earl Finn Arnason, and widow of Thorfill Sigurdson, Earl of Orkney.
    • [rmosher154.ged]

      King of Scotland 1058-1093 Crowned at Scone 17 Mar 1058.
    • Name Prefix: King Name Suffix: Iii, Of Scotland Colonial and Revolutionary Liuneages of America (973 D2ah) Vol. 2 Called Ceannmor or Canmore, succeeded to the throne of Scotland by the defeat of Macbeth in 1054. During his reign he carried on almost constant warfare, most of which was successful. He gave support to his brother-in-law, Edgar Atheling, in fighting William theConquorer in Northumbria. In 1072 William invaded Scotland and succeeded in atemporary conquest of the country, returning to England after Malcom did homage. Later, in 1091, Malcom raided Northern England, in return for which WilliamRufus invaded Scotland and once more Malcom did homage. In 1092 , when in Gloucester, England, he declined to do homage and returned to Scotland in anger.He invaded Northumberland in 1093, but was ambuscaded near the Castle of Alnwick and slain.

      called Canmore (Ceanmohr, or Great-head), King of Scotland, was eldest son of Duncan, who was murdered by Macbeth in 1039. After Duncan's death Malcolm fled for safety to his kinsman, Siward, Danish Earl of Northumberland, and continued to live for many years in England. In 1054 Siward, with the sanction of Edward the Confessor , led an army into Scotland, encountered Macbeth near Dunsinane, defeated him, and left Malcolm in possession. Macbeth retired into the North, and the contest was only ended in 1056, by his defeat and death at Lumphanan. Malcolm remained at peace with England during thereign of Edward the Confessor, but on the accession of Harold he favoured the attempt of Tostig. After the battle of Hastings he welcomed to hiscourt Edgar the Atheling , with his mother and two sisters, and soon married one of them, the Princess Margaret. In 1070 he invaded England, ravaged Durham, and carried off so many prisoners that for years after English slaves were found in every hamlet of Scotland. This raid was avenged by a more savage and destructive devastation of Northumbria by William the Conqueror . Malcolm agreed to do homage, and Edgar left his court, but he continued to give his protection to the English exiles. Disputes arose with William Rufus, and in 1091 Malcolm again invaded England, but retired without fighting. William invaded Scotland the next year, but peace was made by the mediation of Duke Robert and Edgar. In 1093 Malcolm once more made an incursion intoEngland and besieged Alnwick Castle. He was attacked by Roger de Mowbray and killed in the battle, November 13th of that year. His queen, Margaret, heard thetidings, and died three days later.

      Killed at the siege of Alnwick. Malcolm was buried first at Tynemouth, before being moved to Dunfermline. A character in Macbeth, as Malcolm, son of Duncan, the King of Scotland--although Shakespeare's chronology had little to do with real life. --------------------- born c. 1031 died Nov. 13, 1093, near Alnick, Northumberland, Eng. King of Scotland (1058–93). The son of King Duncan I, he lived in exile in England after Macbeth murdered his father. He defeated and killed Macbeth in 1057 and was crowned king, founding a dynasty that consolidated royal power in Scotland. He gaverefuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling in 1066. Though he recognized William I as overlord in 1072, Malcolm made five raids into England, during the last of which he was killed.
    • Malcolm III, born about 1031, died November 13, 1093, founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years, and consolidated the power of the Scottish monarchy. He was the son of Duncan I, who in 1040 was killed by Macbeth. Malcolm lived in exile until 1057, when he defeated and killed Macbeth near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson.
      Malcolm's second wife was Margaret (later canonized as Margaret of Scotland) of the English royal house of Wessex, who fled to Scotland after the Norman conquest (1066) of England. She introduced a powerful English influence in Scotland.
      Malcolm invaded England many times after 1068 supporting the claim ofhis brother-in-law Edgar Atheling to the English throne. In 1072, however, he was forced to pay homage to William I, (William the Conqueror) and in1091, to William II. He was finally defeated and killed by Norman forces at Alnwick. He was succeeded briefly by his brother DonaldBane and then by his son Duncan II. Three other sons also succeeded to the throne....Edgar (ruled 1097-1107), Alexander I (ruled 1107-1124), and David I (1124-1153).
      Malcolm III CANMORE (1058-1093)
      King of Scotland, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom. The son of King Duncan I, Malcolm lived inexile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth.
      Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by William the Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his second wife. Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of William in 1072 butnevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raidsinto England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by theforces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087-1100), near Alnwick, Northumberland, England.
      Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeededto the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53).
      Margaret, THE MAID OF NORWAY (b. 1282/83--d. September 1290, Orkney Islands)
      Queen of Scotland from 1286 to 1290, the last of the line of Scottishrulers descended from King Malcolm III Canmore.
      Margaret's father was Eric II, king of Norway; her mother, Margaret,a daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland (ruled 1249-86), died in1283. Because none of Alexander III's other children were alive at the time of his death (March 1286), the Scottish lords proclaimed the infant Margaret as their queen. In 1290 her great-uncle, King Edward I of England, arranged a marriage between Margaret and his son Edward, later King Edward II of England. On the voyage from Norway to England, however, Margaret fell ill and died. Although the marriage treaty had specified that Scotland was to maintain its independence of England, Edward now proclaimed himself overlord of Scotland; the Scots resisted,and for more than 20 years Scotland suffered foreign domination and civil war.
      Malcolm III
      Malcolm III (Malcolm Canmore), d. 1093, king of Scotland (1057–93), son of Duncan I; successor to Macbeth (d. 1057). It took him some yearsafter Macbeth's death to regain the boundaries of his father's kingdom. About 1068, Edgar Atheling, pretender to the English throne, took refuge with Malcolm, who soon married Edgar's sister Margaret (see Margaret of Scotland, Saint). On behalf of Edgar, Malcolm invaded N England, but in 1072 William I of England invaded Scotland, and Malcolm madepeace with him. In the reign of William II, Edgar joined Malcolm in his raid into England in 1091, but William forced both men to submit and to do homage. Malcolm was killed at Alnwick on still another raid into England. His frequent wars insured the independence of his kingdom, which made possible the great ecclesiastical reorganization initiated by his wife, Margaret. Malcolm was succeeded briefly by his brotherDonald Bane, but later four of Malcolm's sons were kings of Scotland—Duncan II (reigned 1093–94), Edgar (reigned 1097–1107), Alexander I, and David I. Malcolm's daughter Edith (renamed Matilda) married Henry Iof England, and another daughter was mother to the wife of King Stephen of England.
    • Malcolm III, born about 1031, died November 13, 1093, founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years, and consolidated the power of the Scottish monarchy. He was the son of Duncan I, who in 1040 was killed by Macbeth. Malcolm lived in exile until 1057, when he defeated and killed Macbeth near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson.
      Malcolm's second wife was Margaret (later canonized as Margaret of Scotland) of the English royal house of Wessex, who fled to Scotland after the Norman conquest (1066) of England. She introduced a powerful English influence in Scotland.
      Malcolm invaded England many times after 1068 supporting the claim ofhis brother-in-law Edgar Atheling to the English throne. In 1072, however, he was forced to pay homage to William I, (William the Conqueror) and in1091, to William II. He was finally defeated and killed by Norman forces at Alnwick. He was succeeded briefly by his brother DonaldBane and then by his son Duncan II. Three other sons also succeeded to the throne....Edgar (ruled 1097-1107), Alexander I (ruled 1107-1124), and David I (1124-1153).
      Malcolm III CANMORE (1058-1093)
      King of Scotland, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom. The son of King Duncan I, Malcolm lived inexile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth.
      Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by William the Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his second wife. Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of William in 1072 butnevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raidsinto England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by theforces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087-1100), near Alnwick, Northumberland, England.
      Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeededto the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53).
      Margaret, THE MAID OF NORWAY (b. 1282/83--d. September 1290, Orkney Islands)
      Queen of Scotland from 1286 to 1290, the last of the line of Scottishrulers descended from King Malcolm III Canmore.
      Margaret's father was Eric II, king of Norway; her mother, Margaret,a daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland (ruled 1249-86), died in1283. Because none of Alexander III's other children were alive at the time of his death (March 1286), the Scottish lords proclaimed the infant Margaret as their queen. In 1290 her great-uncle, King Edward I of England, arranged a marriage between Margaret and his son Edward, later King Edward II of England. On the voyage from Norway to England, however, Margaret fell ill and died. Although the marriage treaty had specified that Scotland was to maintain its independence of England, Edward now proclaimed himself overlord of Scotland; the Scots resisted,and for more than 20 years Scotland suffered foreign domination and civil war.
      Malcolm III
      Malcolm III (Malcolm Canmore), d. 1093, king of Scotland (1057–93), son of Duncan I; successor to Macbeth (d. 1057). It took him some yearsafter Macbeth's death to regain the boundaries of his father's kingdom. About 1068, Edgar Atheling, pretender to the English throne, took refuge with Malcolm, who soon married Edgar's sister Margaret (see Margaret of Scotland, Saint). On behalf of Edgar, Malcolm invaded N England, but in 1072 William I of England invaded Scotland, and Malcolm madepeace with him. In the reign of William II, Edgar joined Malcolm in his raid into England in 1091, but William forced both men to submit and to do homage. Malcolm was killed at Alnwick on still another raid into England. His frequent wars insured the independence of his kingdom, which made possible the great ecclesiastical reorganization initiated by his wife, Margaret. Malcolm was succeeded briefly by his brotherDonald Bane, but later four of Malcolm's sons were kings of Scotland—Duncan II (reigned 1093–94), Edgar (reigned 1097–1107), Alexander I, and David I. Malcolm's daughter Edith (renamed Matilda) married Henry Iof England, and another daughter was mother to the wife of King Stephen of England.
    • Malcolm III, born about 1031, died November 13, 1093, founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years, and consolidated the power of the Scottish monarchy. He was the son of Duncan I, who in 1040 was killed by Macbeth. Malcolm lived in exile until 1057, when he defeated and killed Macbeth near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson.
      Malcolm's second wife was Margaret (later canonized as Margaret of Scotland) of the English royal house of Wessex, who fled to Scotland after the Norman conquest (1066) of England. She introduced a powerful English influence in Scotland.
      Malcolm invaded England many times after 1068 supporting the claim ofhis brother-in-law Edgar Atheling to the English throne. In 1072, however, he was forced to pay homage to William I, (William the Conqueror) and in1091, to William II. He was finally defeated and killed by Norman forces at Alnwick. He was succeeded briefly by his brother DonaldBane and then by his son Duncan II. Three other sons also succeeded to the throne....Edgar (ruled 1097-1107), Alexander I (ruled 1107-1124), and David I (1124-1153).
      Malcolm III CANMORE (1058-1093)
      King of Scotland, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom. The son of King Duncan I, Malcolm lived inexile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth.
      Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by William the Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his second wife. Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of William in 1072 butnevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raidsinto England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by theforces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087-1100), near Alnwick, Northumberland, England.
      Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeededto the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53).
      Margaret, THE MAID OF NORWAY (b. 1282/83--d. September 1290, Orkney Islands)
      Queen of Scotland from 1286 to 1290, the last of the line of Scottishrulers descended from King Malcolm III Canmore.
      Margaret's father was Eric II, king of Norway; her mother, Margaret,a daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland (ruled 1249-86), died in1283. Because none of Alexander III's other children were alive at the time of his death (March 1286), the Scottish lords proclaimed the infant Margaret as their queen. In 1290 her great-uncle, King Edward I of England, arranged a marriage between Margaret and his son Edward, later King Edward II of England. On the voyage from Norway to England, however, Margaret fell ill and died. Although the marriage treaty had specified that Scotland was to maintain its independence of England, Edward now proclaimed himself overlord of Scotland; the Scots resisted,and for more than 20 years Scotland suffered foreign domination and civil war.
      Malcolm III
      Malcolm III (Malcolm Canmore), d. 1093, king of Scotland (1057–93), son of Duncan I; successor to Macbeth (d. 1057). It took him some yearsafter Macbeth's death to regain the boundaries of his father's kingdom. About 1068, Edgar Atheling, pretender to the English throne, took refuge with Malcolm, who soon married Edgar's sister Margaret (see Margaret of Scotland, Saint). On behalf of Edgar, Malcolm invaded N England, but in 1072 William I of England invaded Scotland, and Malcolm madepeace with him. In the reign of William II, Edgar joined Malcolm in his raid into England in 1091, but William forced both men to submit and to do homage. Malcolm was killed at Alnwick on still another raid into England. His frequent wars insured the independence of his kingdom, which made possible the great ecclesiastical reorganization initiated by his wife, Margaret. Malcolm was succeeded briefly by his brotherDonald Bane, but later four of Malcolm's sons were kings of Scotland—Duncan II (reigned 1093–94), Edgar (reigned 1097–1107), Alexander I, and David I. Malcolm's daughter Edith (renamed Matilda) married Henry Iof England, and another daughter was mother to the wife of King Stephen of England.
    • SOURCE CITATION:
      Title: Ancestral File (TM)
      Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
      Publication Information: July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
      Repository Name: Family History Library
      Address: 35 N West Temple Street
      Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA

      SOURCE CITATION:
      Title: Ancestral File (TM)
      Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
      Publication Information: July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
      Repository Name: Family History Library
      Address: 35 N West Temple Street
      Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA

      SOURCE CITATION:
      Title: Ancestral File (TM)
      Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
      Publication Information: July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
      Repository Name: Family History Library
      Address: 35 N West Temple Street
      Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA

      SOURCE CITATION:
      Title: Ancestral File (TM)
      Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
      Publication Information: July 1996 (c), data as of 2 January 1996
      Repository Name: Family History Library
      Address: 35 N West Temple Street
      Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA
    • Line 17042 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
      OCCU King of Scotland
    • Bighead for being a bully.
      Malcolm III.,
      called Canmore (Ceanmohr, or Great-head), King of Scotland, was eldest son of Duncan, who was murdered by Macbeth in 1039. After Duncan's death Malcolm fled for safety to his kinsman, Siward, Danish Earl of Northumberland, and continued to live for many years in England. In 1054 Siward, with the sanction of Edward the Confessor , led an army into Scotland, encountered Macbeth near Dunsinane, defeated him, and left Malcolm in possession. Macbeth retired into the North, and the contest was only ended in 1056, by his defeat and death at Lumphanan. Malcolm remained at peace with England during the reign of Edward the Confessor, but on the accession of Harold he favoured the attempt of Tostig. After the battle of Hastings he welcomed to his court Edgar the Atheling , with his mother and two sisters, and soon married one of them, the Princess Margaret. In 1070 he invaded England, ravaged Durham, and carried off so many prisoners that for years after English slaves were found in every hamlet of Scotland. This raid was avenged by a more savage and destructive devastation of Northumbria by William the Conqueror . Malcolm agreed to do homage, and Edgar left his court, but he continued to give his protection to the English exiles. Disputes arose with William Rufus , and in 1091 Malcolm again invaded England, but retired without fighting. William invaded Scotland the next year, but peace was made by the mediation of Duke Robert and Edgar. In 1093 Malcolm once more made an incursion into England and besieged Alnwick Castle. He was attacked by Roger de Mowbray and killed in the battle, November 13th of that year. His queen, Margaret, heard the tidings, and died three days later.
    • Born: ABT 1031
      Some say died 1098. Slew Macbeth 1057. King of Strathclyde.
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      Malcolm III, Caennmor of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1031). He
      married Ingibiorg
      Finnsdottir in 1066 and they were the parents of: Duncan II of
      Scotland, King of
      Scotland (born 1060); Malcolm; and Donald.

      In 1068, Malcolm III married Margaret Atheling, the Exile at
      Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. They were the parents of:
      Edward; Edmund I of Scotland, King of Scotland; Ethelred,
      Abbot of Dunkeld; Edgar of Scotland, Kinf of Scotland (born 1074);
      Alexander I the Fierce of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1078);
      Matilda (Edith) of Scotland (born 1079/80); David I the Saint of
      Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1084); and Mary of Scotland. Malcolm
      acceded the throne on April 25, 1058 at Scone Abbey in Perthshire.
      He died on November 13, 1093 at Alnwick Castle and was interred at
      Escorial in Madrid, Spain.
    • Bighead for being a bully.
      Malcolm III.,
      called Canmore (Ceanmohr, or Great-head), King of Scotland, was eldest son of Duncan, who was murdered by Macbeth in 1039. After Duncan's death Malcolm fled for safety to his kinsman, Siward, Danish Earl of Northumberland, and continued to live for many years in England. In 1054 Siward, with the sanction of Edward the Confessor , led an army into Scotland, encountered Macbeth near Dunsinane, defeated him, and left Malcolm in possession. Macbeth retired into the North, and the contest was only ended in 1056, by his defeat and death at Lumphanan. Malcolm remained at peace with England during the reign of Edward the Confessor, but on the accession of Harold he favoured the attempt of Tostig. After the battle of Hastings he welcomed to his court Edgar the Atheling , with his mother and two sisters, and soon married one of them, the Princess Margaret. In 1070 he invaded England, ravaged Durham, and carried off so many prisoners that for years after English slaves were found in every hamlet of Scotland. This raid was avenged by a more savage and destructive devastation of Northumbria by William the Conqueror . Malcolm agreed to do homage, and Edgar left his court, but he continued to give his protection to the English exiles. Disputes arose with William Rufus , and in 1091 Malcolm again invaded England, but retired without fighting. William invaded Scotland the next year, but peace was made by the mediation of Duke Robert and Edgar. In 1093 Malcolm once more made an incursion into England and besieged Alnwick Castle. He was attacked by Roger de Mowbray and killed in the battle, November 13th of that year. His queen, Margaret, heard the tidings, and died three days later.
    • Born: ABT 1031
      Some say died 1098. Slew Macbeth 1057. King of Strathclyde.
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      Malcolm III, Caennmor of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1031). He
      married Ingibiorg
      Finnsdottir in 1066 and they were the parents of: Duncan II of
      Scotland, King of
      Scotland (born 1060); Malcolm; and Donald.

      In 1068, Malcolm III married Margaret Atheling, the Exile at
      Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. They were the parents of:
      Edward; Edmund I of Scotland, King of Scotland; Ethelred,
      Abbot of Dunkeld; Edgar of Scotland, Kinf of Scotland (born 1074);
      Alexander I the Fierce of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1078);
      Matilda (Edith) of Scotland (born 1079/80); David I the Saint of
      Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1084); and Mary of Scotland. Malcolm
      acceded the throne on April 25, 1058 at Scone Abbey in Perthshire.
      He died on November 13, 1093 at Alnwick Castle and was interred at
      Escorial in Madrid, Spain.
    • Malcolm III of Scotland
      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

      King Malcolm III of Scotland (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada), (1031 – November 13, 1093) also known as Ceann Mór (Anglicized as Canmore) meaning 'Big Head' in the then Scottish language. "Malcolm" is an anglicization derived from a Latin form, Malcolmus. The name Máel Coluim means 'Servant of Columba', after the devotional pattern of many medieval Scottish names ( c/f Máel Ísu' (Malise), 'servant of Jesus' or Gilla Coluim, also 'servant of Columba'). He was the eldest son of King Duncan I and first king of the House of Dunkeld.

      In 1040 his father was killed in battle by his cousin Macbeth who became the new king. Malcolm found refuge in England under the protection of King Harthacanute of Denmark and England. In 1042 Harthacanute died and was succeeded to the throne of England by his half-brother King Edward the Confessor. In 1053 Edward finally agreed to help Malcolm gain the throne of Scotland by offering him an army. Malcolm's invasion of Scotland started in the same year. Malcolm found support from the nobles of Southern Scotland. He managed to kill first Macbeth in 1057 and then his successor King Lulach I of Scotland in 1058. He then succeeded Lulach as king. He was crowned at Scone Abbey, Perthshire, on April 25, 1058. He married Ingibjorg, widow of the Earl of Orkney, in about 1065 and they had three sons, who were:

      King Duncan (Donnchad)
      Donald (Domnall) (d.1085)
      Malcolm (Máel Coluim) (d. after 1094).
      Ingibjörg was dead by 1070, when he wed Margaret.

      He agreed on an alliance with England, sealed by his (second) marriage to Saint Margaret, Edgar Ætheling's sister. Margaret herself promoted the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland throughout Malcolm's reign. At that time, Christianity did exist in Scotland in the form of the Celtic Church, but varied from Roman Catholic practice in some respects e.g. the dating of Easter and the shape of monks' tonsures. Malcolm had several sons by Margaret - these became known as the Margaretsons. Malcolm and Margaret's children were:

      Prince Edward (Etbard) of Scotland, killed 1093.
      Edmund (Etmond)
      Ethelred, possibly the same as Aedh, Mormaer of Fife
      King Edgar (Etgair)
      King Alexander I (Alaxandair)
      King David I (Dabíd)
      Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England
      Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne
      Malcolm unsuccessfully tried to stop this influence by waging wars against the Norman kings of England after 1066. In 1072 he was forced to give an oath of subservience to William I of England. It is notable that while his first wife Ingibjorg's sons all bore Gaelic names, half of Margaret's bore Anglo-Saxon/English names and the other half standard continental names. At the time this was noted with displeasure amongst many in the Scottish court and amongst the public.

      His war against William II of England in 1093 only led to the loss of Scottish territory to England. Malcolm died on November of the same year in an ambush at Alnwick during a battle against William's army. His eldest son by Margaret, Edward, also died in that ambush. Malcolm was succeeded by his brother Donald.

      Malcolm established the Dunkeld dynasty which ruled Scotland from 1058 until 1286. Four of his sons (Duncan II, Edgar, Alexander I, and David I) became kings of Scotland, whilst a fifth (Edmund) ruled as co-ruler of Scotland with his uncle Donald III.

      [edit]
      Sources
      Orkneyinga Saga
      Anderson, Alan. Early Sources of Scottish History, 2 vols.

      Preceded by:
      Lulach King of Scots
      1058–1093 Succeeded by:
      Donald III and Edmund I

      -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      King of Scots from 1058 - 1093. He was killed at the siege of Alnwick. Malcolm was buried first at Tynemouth, before being moved to Dunfermline. A character in *Macbeth*, as Malcolm, son of Duncan, the King of Scotland --although Shakespeare's chronology had little to do with real life. Malcolm killed *Macbeth* in 1057. Source: RoyaList, Brian Tompsett, Leo van de Pas.
    • Royal
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=ce0b720a-3d1e-4d80-87d4-60d198c35181&tid=929940&pid=-2014254901

      Death in Battle
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=64f3b082-4222-4db9-b46d-ca6fe69e608d&tid=929940&pid=-2014254901

      Military
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=ba763200-cfc6-4811-8b3c-55292e63cd6f&tid=929940&pid=-2014254901

      Malcolm_III of Scotland
      http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=1c20621c-16f9-44e0-9cdc-edf799bccd21&tid=929940&pid=-2014254901
    • called Canmore (Ceanmohr, or Great-head), King of Scots, was eldest son of Duncan, who was murdered by Macbeth in 1039. After Duncan's death Malcolm fled for safety to his kinsman, Siward, Danish Earl of Northumberland, and continued to live for many years in England. In 1054 Siward, with the sanction of Edward the Confessor, led an army into Scotland, encountered Macbeth near Dunsinane, defeated him, and left Malcolm in possession. Macbeth retired into the North, and the contest was only ended in 1056, by his defeat and death at Lumphanan. Malcolm remained at peace with England during the reign of Edward the Confessor, but on the accession of Harold he favoured the attempt of Tostig. After the battle of Hastings he welcomed to his court Edgar the Atheling, with his mother and two sisters, and soon married one of them, the Princess Margaret. In 1070 he invaded England, ravaged Durham, and carried off so many prisoners that for years after English slaves were found in every hamlet of Scotland. This raid was avenged by a more savage and destructive devastation of Northumbria by William the Conqueror. Malcolm agreed to do homage, and Edgar left his court, but he continued to give his protection to the English exiles. Disputes arose with William Rufus, and in 1091 Malcolm again invaded England, but retired without fighting. William invaded Scotland the next year, but peace was made by the mediation of Duke Robert and Edgar. In 1093 Malcolm once more made an incursion into England and besieged Alnwick Castle. He was attacked by Roger de Mowbray and killed in the battle, November 13th of that year. His queen, Margaret, heard the tidings, and died three days later.
    • He killed Macbeth in 1057, thereby avenging Macbeth's murder of his father,
      Duncan I in 1040. The killing took place at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.

    • Born: ABT 1031
      Some say died 1098. Slew Macbeth 1057. King of Strathclyde.
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      Malcolm III, Caennmor of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1031). He
      married Ingibiorg
      Finnsdottir in 1066 and they were the parents of: Duncan II of
      Scotland, King of
      Scotland (born 1060); Malcolm; and Donald.

      In 1068, Malcolm III married Margaret Atheling, the Exile at
      Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. They were the parents of:
      Edward; Edmund I of Scotland, King of Scotland; Ethelred,
      Abbot of Dunkeld; Edgar of Scotland, Kinf of Scotland (born 1074);
      Alexander I the Fierce of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1078);
      Matilda (Edith) of Scotland (born 1079/80); David I the Saint of
      Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1084); and Mary of Scotland. Malcolm
      acceded the throne on April 25, 1058 at Scone Abbey in Perthshire.
      He died on November 13, 1093 at Alnwick Castle and was interred at
      Escorial in Madrid, Spain.
    • He killed Macbeth in 1057, thereby avenging Macbeth's murder of his father,
      Duncan I in 1040. The killing took place at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.
    • Born: ABT 1031
      Some say died 1098. Slew Macbeth 1057. King of Strathclyde.
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      Malcolm III, Caennmor of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1031). He
      married Ingibiorg
      Finnsdottir in 1066 and they were the parents of: Duncan II of
      Scotland, King of
      Scotland (born 1060); Malcolm; and Donald.

      In 1068, Malcolm III married Margaret Atheling, the Exile at
      Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. They were the parents of:
      Edward; Edmund I of Scotland, King of Scotland; Ethelred,
      Abbot of Dunkeld; Edgar of Scotland, Kinf of Scotland (born 1074);
      Alexander I the Fierce of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1078);
      Matilda (Edith) of Scotland (born 1079/80); David I the Saint of
      Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1084); and Mary of Scotland. Malcolm
      acceded the throne on April 25, 1058 at Scone Abbey in Perthshire.
      He died on November 13, 1093 at Alnwick Castle and was interred at
      Escorial in Madrid, Spain.
    • He killed Macbeth in 1057, thereby avenging Macbeth's murder of his father,
      Duncan I in 1040. The killing took place at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.
    • Born: ABT 1031
      Some say died 1098. Slew Macbeth 1057. King of Strathclyde.
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      Malcolm III, Caennmor of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1031). He
      married Ingibiorg
      Finnsdottir in 1066 and they were the parents of: Duncan II of
      Scotland, King of
      Scotland (born 1060); Malcolm; and Donald.

      In 1068, Malcolm III married Margaret Atheling, the Exile at
      Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. They were the parents of:
      Edward; Edmund I of Scotland, King of Scotland; Ethelred,
      Abbot of Dunkeld; Edgar of Scotland, Kinf of Scotland (born 1074);
      Alexander I the Fierce of Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1078);
      Matilda (Edith) of Scotland (born 1079/80); David I the Saint of
      Scotland, King of Scotland (born 1084); and Mary of Scotland. Malcolm
      acceded the throne on April 25, 1058 at Scone Abbey in Perthshire.
      He died on November 13, 1093 at Alnwick Castle and was interred at
      Escorial in Madrid, Spain.
    • !DESCENT: Frederick Lewis Weis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr., Ancestral Roots
      of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700, 7th ed., at 3
      (1992). Line 1-22, 170-21.

      King of Scots 1058-1093, b. 1031, crowned at Scone, 17 Mar 1057/58, slain
      while besieging Alnwick Castle, 13 Nov 1093.
    • Found Refuge In England With Uncle Siward Of Norhumbria When Father Died. Never Learned To Read.
      Substituted Saxon For Gaelic As The Court Language.

      Alias: Canmore/Ceanmohr or big/great head or chief

      Some sources list his death in 1098.
      Slayed MACBETH (see Shakespeare).
      According to SCOTTISH ORIGINS by Robert M. Gunn
      (http://www.clan.com/history/features/origins/4.html):
      "Malcolm III grew up in exile in England and spoke English as his primary tongue. He also visited Normandy, made friends there, and was also under their influence...He married Margaret, an English Princess who had taken refuge in Scotland along with her brother Edgar the Æþeling, after the Norman conquest of England begun in 1066." Mael Coluim Ceann Mora (Canmore-the Great Ruler), was King of Scots, 1058-1093. He killed mac Beth in 1057. He gave refuge to Eadgar Eadweardsson in 1066. In 1072 he paid homage to Willelm le Bastard, but made five raids into northern England over the next few years. He was killed on the last of these raids in 1093.

      Among his contributions was the establishment of primogeniture, succession by the eldest son. Prior kings were chosen by tanistry, the Celtic custom of choosing the ruler by election from the male heads of septs, or from all the males of a clan. This change greatly stabilized the political atmosphere by clearly identifying the successor.

      [Sargent.FTW]

      EDWARD THE CONFESSOR U. OF CAL. PRESS

      Alias: /Longneck/
      Died at siege of Alnwick Castle [91502.ftw]

      [Direct Linage1.FTW]

      Ruled 1057-1093
      Note:
      Malcolm III CANMORE (b. c. 1031--d. Nov. 13, 1093, near Alnwick, Norþhumberland, England.), king of Scotland from 1058 to 1093, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom.

      The son of King Duncan I (reigned 1034-40), Malcolm lived in exile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned 1040-57). Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by Willelm le Bastard, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Æþeling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later Saint Margaret), became his second wife.

      Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of Willelm in 1072 but nevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raids into England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by the forces of King Willelm II RVFVS (reigned 1087-1100). Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeeded to the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53). [Encyclopædia Britannica CD '97]

      According to Brian Tompsett, "interred at Escorial, Madrid, Spain."

      Malcolm III built Kindrochit Castle, Braemar, Aberdeenshire between 1057-1093.
      Note:
      What's with these death dates? Malcolm, his wife and two sons all died within 3 days of one another. Was there an overthrow? A plague? Interesting. Oops, just looked it up: Malcolm was assassinated in 1093 (apparently along with his wife and two sons), replaced by Donaldbane, who was deposed by Duncan II, (assassinated) replaced by Donaldbane (again) who was again deposed, this time by King Edgar. Duncan I was assassinated by Macbeth (as described by Shakespeare). All in all an astonishingly stormy period:

      Duncan I 1034-1040 assassinated
      Macbeth 1040-1057 assassinated
      Lulach 1057-1058 died
      Malcolm III 1058-1093 assassinated
      Donaldbane 1093-1094 deposed
      Duncan II May-Nov 1094 assassinated
      Donaldbane (again) 1094-1097 deposed
      Edgar 1097-1107 died
      Alexander I 1107-1124 [son of Malcolm III]
      David (Saint) 1124-1153 d. [son of Malcolm III]
      Malcolm IV 1153-1165 d. [son of Malcolm III]

      Begs the question--why was their daughter Margaret left unscathed? 7 years later, she married Henri Beauclerc the king of England. Why Alexander, David (Saint) and Edgar, all left alive, who went on to become kings of Scotland in their own right?
      [Claypoole--Dic Davis Royal Line to Add.ged]

      Malcolm III Canmore, King Of Scotland was crowned at Scone, 17 March
      1057/8 was slain while besieging Alnwick Castle.
      Buried Holy Trinity Church, Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland

      Source: 'Ancestrial Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England between 1623 and 1650', 1969, Frederick Lewis Weis, p 111. 'Royalty for
      Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 2.

      According to records he Killed MacBeth [JamesLinage.FTW]

      [1748129.ged]

      Ruled 1057-1093[JamesLinage.ged]

      [1748129.ged]

      Ruled 1057-1093
    • [Eldad_Grannis.FTW]

      [SPARKMAN DATABASE.FTW]

      He was born about 1031 and died November 13, 1093, Alnwick Castle. Heslew Macbeth 1057. Kin g of Strathclyde. He married Queen MargaretAtheling, the Exile, 1068, in Dunfermline Abbey , Fife, Scotland. "The sonof King Duncan I (reigned 1034-40), Malcolm lived in exile in Engla ndduring part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned1040-57). Malcolm kille d Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended thethrone. After the conquest of England by Wil liam the Conqueror, in 1066,Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aethelin g and hissisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his secondwife." Britann ica OnlineThe following is from the Brian Tompsett online royal genealogy, (Aug 4. 98):

      He slew Macbeth in 1057. He was also the King of Strathclyde. Some say he died in 1098.


      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      The following is from the Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia Online. Grolier Interactive Inc. <http://gi.grolier.com/encyclopedial>. January 2, 1998:

      Malcolm III, King of Scotland (Malcolm Canmore)
      Malcolm III, b. c.1031, d. Nov. 13, 1093, founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years, and consolidated the power of the Scottish monarchy. He was the son of Duncan I, who was killed (1040) by Macbeth. Malcolm lived in exile until he defeated and killed (1057) Macbeth near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson.
      Malcolm's second wife was Margaret (later canonized as Margaret of Scotland) of the English royal house of Wessex, who fled to Scotland after the Norman conquest (1066). She introduced a powerful English influence in Scotland.
      Malcolm invaded England many times, after 1068 supporting the claim of his brother-in-law Edgar Atheling to the English throne. In 1072, however, he was forced to pay homage to William I, and in 1091, to William II. He was finally defeated and killed by Norman forces at Alnwick. He was succeeded briefly by his brother Donald Bane and then by his son Duncan II. Three other sons also succeeded to the throne--Edgar (r. 1097-1107), Alexander I (r. 1107-24), and David I (r. 1124-53).

      Author: Charles H. Haws
    • [Eldad_Grannis.FTW]

      [SPARKMAN DATABASE.FTW]

      He was born about 1031 and died November 13, 1093, Alnwick Castle. Heslew Macbeth 1057. Kin g of Strathclyde. He married Queen MargaretAtheling, the Exile, 1068, in Dunfermline Abbey , Fife, Scotland. "The sonof King Duncan I (reigned 1034-40), Malcolm lived in exile in Engla ndduring part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned1040-57). Malcolm kille d Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended thethrone. After the conquest of England by Wil liam the Conqueror, in 1066,Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aethelin g and hissisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his secondwife." Britann ica OnlineThe following is from the Brian Tompsett online royal genealogy, (Aug 4. 98):

      He slew Macbeth in 1057. He was also the King of Strathclyde. Some say he died in 1098.


      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      The following is from the Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia Online. Grolier Interactive Inc. <http://gi.grolier.com/encyclopedial>. January 2, 1998:

      Malcolm III, King of Scotland (Malcolm Canmore)
      Malcolm III, b. c.1031, d. Nov. 13, 1093, founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years, and consolidated the power of the Scottish monarchy. He was the son of Duncan I, who was killed (1040) by Macbeth. Malcolm lived in exile until he defeated and killed (1057) Macbeth near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson.
      Malcolm's second wife was Margaret (later canonized as Margaret of Scotland) of the English royal house of Wessex, who fled to Scotland after the Norman conquest (1066). She introduced a powerful English influence in Scotland.
      Malcolm invaded England many times, after 1068 supporting the claim of his brother-in-law Edgar Atheling to the English throne. In 1072, however, he was forced to pay homage to William I, and in 1091, to William II. He was finally defeated and killed by Norman forces at Alnwick. He was succeeded briefly by his brother Donald Bane and then by his son Duncan II. Three other sons also succeeded to the throne--Edgar (r. 1097-1107), Alexander I (r. 1107-24), and David I (r. 1124-53).

      Author: Charles H. Haws
    • Malcolm (known as Ceanmor or Canmore, meaning "big head") was brought up in exile in England. In 1057, Malcolm raised an army (with English help) and invaded Scotland, reaching deep into Aberdeenshire. At the Battle of Lumphanan he defeated MacBeth, who was slain in the conflict. After some further resistance he claimed the Scottish throne, calling himself King Malcolm III of Scotland - - with English help.
      Malcolm was the first in a succession of Scottish Kings (the House of Canmore) who were under heavy English pressure or favor, and his ascention was the beginning of a process whereby Scottish Lords were "bought" with money and/or gifts (titles & lands) to promote English causes in Scotland. The English looked upon Malcolm favorably because it was established English policy to get Scots to recognize the English as their Overlords by influencing the Kings of Scotland, and their counselors - - or, if that failed, by force.
      However, once Malcolm was firmly on the throne, he forgot many of his "obligations" to England, and instead made a treaty in 1059 with Thorfinn "The Mighty", leader of the Northern Vikings in Scotland, thus gaining a powerful ally to the north. He was not a wise or consistant leader though, and the treaty soon dissolved. Instead, he married Margaret, an English Princess who had taken refuge in Scotland along with her brother Edgar the AEtheling after the Norman conquest of England began in 1066. Most of the Anglo-Saxon (English) Nobility fled to the Lowlands of Scotland as safe haven from the Norman invaders, thus beginning the separation of Lowland Scotland and the Highlands and the Isles of Scotland. Lowland Scotland, already a mix of Scots, Britons, what was left of Pictish culture, and now Anglo-Saxons, collectively went on to be known as Scots, but never again the same as the Highland and Isles Scots.
      Under Malcolm III and his successors, the foundations of feudalism were laid in southern Scotland. Malcolm's English wife Margaret, a saintly and very determined young woman, set herself to introduce to her husband's court the English fashions and customs and to impose upon the Scottish clergy the religious practices prevailent in Anglo-Saxon England. Malcolm, having been raised and educated in England, shared his wife's views and shifted the cultural center of his Kingdom southwards into what had been Anglo-Saxon territory (the Lothian area), only recently absorbed as a Scottish region, thus seriously offending the Celtic north and west.
      Malcolm, eyeing selfishly his southern neighbors in north England, conducted a series of border raids into Northumberland and Cumberland. This provoked a retaliatory response by the Normans, led by William the Conqueror himself. In 1071 William invaded Scotland and forced the foolish Malcolm to pay homage to him. This quieted Malcolm - - for a while. In 1093 an attack on Northumberland by Malcolm was repulsed, and Malcolm was killed by one of his Norman friends named Morel.
      Queen Margaret died three days later. She was in due course canonized as Saint Margaret.
      The stability that Malcolm had gained for Scotland during his reign of 35 years disappeared after his death.
      (From "Scottish Origins .... to Wallace", Robert M. Gunn)
      - - - - - - - - -
      NOTE: Malcolm III is the common ancestor of Jane Smiley and Leslie Townsend, being their 26th great grandfather and making them 27th cousins. Jane descends via Malcolm's daughter Princess Mathilda of Scotland; Leslie descends via Malcolm's son King David I (The Saint) of Scotland.
    • [2747] COLVER31.TXT file

      WSHNGT.ASC file (Geo Washington Ahnentafel) # 8717894 = 2183440; b. & d., m 1068/1069

      "Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists ..." slain while besieging Alnwick Castle

      killed Macbeth 1057

      "Bloodline..." proclaimed King of Scots 1058; killed by English at Alnwick;
    • Notes for Malcolm III Canmore King of Scotland:

      Malcolm Canmore ('great head' or 'chief') was the eldest son of DuncanI. After his father's death, he found refuge in England with his uncleSiward of Northumbria, where he stayed for more than 14 years. Hisfirst wife was Ingibjorg, widow of Earl Thorfinn of Orkney. She died,and in about 1070 he married Margaret, great-niece of King Edward theConfessor of England. She had sought refuge in Scotland with herbrother, Edgar the Atheling (Anglo-Saxon heir to the English throne),when William I excluded him from the English succession. Margaret hada strong influence over her husband, who revered her piety andsecretly had jewel-encrusted bindings made for her religious books,which he himself was unable to read, never having learned to do so. Healso substituted Saxon for Gaelic as the court language. According toMargaret's biographer, she corresponded with Lanfranc, Archbishop ofCanterbury, brought Benedictine monks to Dunfermline and did away withlocal usages in the Scottish Church. Margaret also began building whatwas later to be known as St Margaret's Chapel, situated on the highestpart of Edinburgh Castle.

      Malcolm III was determined to extend his kingdom southwards and takeadvantage of the upheaval caused by the Norman Conquest. Making theexcuse that he was supporting the claim to the English throne of hisbrother-in-law Edgar Atheling, Malcolm invaded England five times (hewas a formidable warrior-king, having killed his two predecessorkings). Three times defeated, Malcolm was forced under the treaty ofAbernethy in 1072 to become 'the man' of the English king and give uphis son Duncan as a hostage. Malcolm and his eldest son were finallykilled in battle at Alnwick, Northumberland on 13 November 1093, agedabout 62. His wife died when they brought her the news at EdinburghCastle. She was canonised in 1249.

      After Malcolm's death, the frontier between the kingdoms of Scotlandand England was clearly defined for the first time. Anglo-Normaninfluence in Scotland was promoted by the subsequent marriages ofMalcolm's sons to English brides.
    • Malcolm married the famed Saint Margaret and they were both known for their generosity towards poor people
    • When Malcolm II died in 1034 the succession was disputed. Duncan I, son o f Malcolm's daughter, Bethoc, was the first King of the House of Atholl , but he was later slain by his cousin, Macbeth who seized the throne. Th is story is better known to the world than you would expect because of Wi lliam Shakespeare's dramatic play. There are similarities and difference s between "the Scottish Play" and how Macbeth died at the hands of Malcol m Canmore who went on to rule for a turbulent thirty-five years.
      Malcolm III won back the throne for the House of Atholl after spendin g fifteen years at the English court, latterly while Edward the Confesso r was King. Up to 1058 Malcolm was able to observe closely three Englis h Kings' style of rule and since Edward was unpopular with his powerful S axon nobles he would have been able to see the problems as well as the pr ivileges of ruling in the Dark Ages.
      When Malcolm returned to Scotland in triumph he was to prove himself mor e than equal to the task of imposing his authority on the Scots and eve n to threatening the neighbour who had so recently offered him shelter!
      MALCOLM III (r. 1058-93)
      Malcolm Canmore ('great head' or 'chief') was the eldest son of Duncan I . After his father's death, he found refuge in England with his uncle Siw ard of Northumbria, where he stayed for more than 14 years.
      His first wife was Ingibjorg, widow of Earl Thorfinn of Orkney. She died , and in about 1070 he married Margaret, great-niece of King Edward the C onfessor of England. She had sought refuge in Scotland with her brother , Edgar the Atheling (Anglo-Saxon heir to the English throne), when Willi am I excluded him from the English succession.
      Margaret had a strong influence over her husband, who revered her piety a nd secretly had jewel-encrusted bindings made for her religious books, wh ich he himself was unable to read, never having learned to do so. He als o substituted Saxon for Gaelic as the court language. According to Margar et's biographer, she corresponded with Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury , brought Benedictine monks to Dunfermline and did away with local usage s in the Scottish Church. Margaret also began building what was later t o be known as St Margaret's Chapel, situated on the highest part of Edinb urgh Castle.
      Malcolm was determined to extend his kingdom southwards and take advantag e of the upheaval caused by the Norman Conquest. Making the excuse that h e was supporting the claim to the English throne of his brother-in-law Ed gar Atheling, Malcolm invaded England five times (he was a formidable war rior-king, having killed his two predecessor kings).
      Three times defeated, Malcolm was forced under the treaty of Abernethy i n 1072 to become 'the man' of the English king and give up his son Dunca n as a hostage. Malcolm and his eldest son were finally killed in battl e at Alnwick, Northumberland on 13 November 1093, aged about 62. His wif e died when they brought her the news at Edinburgh Castle. She was canoni sed in 1249.
      After Malcolm's death, the frontier between the kingdoms of Scotland an d England was clearly defined for the first time. Anglo-Norman influenc e in Scotland was promoted by the subsequent marriages of Malcolm's son s to English brides.
    • [The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy, p. 123]
      The eldest son of Duncan I, Malcolm is best known for his role in Shakespeare's Macbeth and in the hagiography of his wife, Margaret of England, grandaughter of Edmund Ironside. English influence grew as a result of his exile in Englane (from 1040) and his marriage (c. 1069) to Margaret, a severe, pious, and domineering woman. He may have married his first wife, Ingibjorg (d. c. 1069), probably the earl of Orkney's daughter, to gain help against Macbeth, though Malcolm did not secure the throne until Macbeth (1057) and his stepson (1058) were killed. He sought to extend his rule southwards, though not with conspicuous success, and if he encouraged Hardrada's invasion (1066), he miscalculated for it enabled William of Normandy to become 'his man' (1070), and in the last of his invasions of England (1093) Malcolm and his eldest son by Margaret were killed; his widow died three days later on hearing the news. Malcolm was a benefactor of churches, including Durham; his wife became a saint (1249), her reputation enhanced by her confessor's eulogy. The internal stability and English character of Malcolm's reign are indicated by the succession of his three sons Edgar (1097) and Alexander (1107) (both of whom married daughters of Henry I of England) and David I (1124), after a brief struggle between Malcolm's eldest son, Duncan II (1094), and his younger brother Donald III Band (1093-7). In Edgar's time, these southern ways were resented by some, and c. 1098 Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway, reasserted Norwegian sovereigntyin the Western Isles (including Iona).
    • Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (Modern Gaelic : Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh),[1] called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, "Big Head"[2][3] or Long-neck [4] (died 13 November 1093), was King of Scots . It has also been argued recently that the real "Malcolm Canmore" was this Malcolm's great-grandson Malcolm IV , who is given this name in the contemporary notice of his death.[5] He was the eldest son of King Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin). Malcolm's long reign, lasting 35 years, preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.
      Malcolm's Kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland : the north and west of Scotland remained in Scandinavian , Norse-Gael and Gaelic control, and the areas under the control of the Kings of Scots would not advance much beyond the limits set by Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) until the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a succession of wars against the Kingdom of England , which may have had as their goal the conquest of the English earldom of Northumbria . However, these wars did not result in any significant advances southwards. Malcolm's main achievement is to have continued a line which would rule Scotland for many years,[6] although his role as "founder of a dynasty" has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David, and his descendants, than with any historical reality.[7]
      Malcolm's second wife, Saint Margaret of Scotland , was later beatified and is Scotland's only royal saint. However, Malcolm himself gained no reputation for piety. With the notable exception of Dunfermline Abbey he is not definitely associated with major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms.
      Malcolm's father Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin) became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda), Duncan's maternal grandfather. According to John of Fordun , whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria ,[8][9] but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen.[10]
      Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findlaích) on 15 August 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young in 1040,[11] and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane (Domnall Bán) were children.[12] Malcolm's family did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfather Crínán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.[13]
      Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for greater safety - exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm (then aged about 9) was sent to England, and his younger brother Donalbane was sent to the Isles.[14][15] Based on Fordun's account, it was assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor .[16][17]
      According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson , Earl of Orkney , an enemy of Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.[18]
      An English invasion in 1054, with Earl Siward in command, had as its goal the installation of Máel Coluim , "son of the King of the Cumbrians (i.e. of Strathclyde )". This Máel Coluim, perhaps a son of Owen the Bald , disappears from history after this brief mention. He has been confused with King Malcolm III.[19][20] In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire .[21][22] Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach , who was crowned at Scone , probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery",[23] near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.[24]
      If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actions as King may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret , who had arrived in England two years before from Hungary .[25] If he did visit the English court, he was the first reigning King of Scots to do so in more than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, however, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered.[26] Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control by 1070.[27]
      The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg , a daughter of Finn Arnesson .[28] Although Ingibiorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible that she died much earlier, around 1058.[29] The Orkneyinga Saga records that Malcolm and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), who was later king.[4] Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury , claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim .[30] Malcolm's son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author of the Orkneyinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.[31]
      Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson , King of Denmark , which may have been another recommendation for the match.[32] Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney , ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson . The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is probably misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot , who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.[33]
      Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge .[34] In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy , among them Agatha , widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile , and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina . They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria . The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.[35]
      In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines , wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth . There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld , Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated.[36] Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland .[37]
      The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots Regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons, Edward after her father Edward the Exile , Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside , Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure.[38] Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great ) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon Royal name-another Edmund had preceded Edgar-is not known.[39] Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith , who married Henry I of England , and Mary, who married Eustace III of Boulogne .
      In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar.[40] Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead . In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade.[41]
      Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai . In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078:
      “ Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty.[42] ”
      Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.[43]
      When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, however, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle , built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees . The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy , where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king.[44]
      In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria , it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. However, it is unlikely that Malcolm did control Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester , stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotland.[45]
      It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war,[46] but, as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came:
      “ For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and the King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ... ”
      Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar.[47] Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.[48]
      While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray , Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle . The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick .[49] Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar.[50] The Annals of Ulster say:
      “ Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French i.e. in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days.[51] ”
      Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial, where it remains to this day. A body of a local farmer was sent north for burial in Dunfermline Abbey in the reign of his son Alexander or perhaps on Iona .[52]
      On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV , Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey , past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, and buried next to Margaret beside the altar.[53]
      Malcolm and Ingebjorg had a son:
      Duncan II of Scotland , suceeded his father as King of Scotland
      Malcolm and Margaret had eight children, six sons and two daughters:
      Edward, killed 1093.
      Edmund of Scotland
      Ethelred , abbot of Dunkeld
      King Edgar of Scotland
      King Alexander I of Scotland
      King David I of Scotland
      Edith of Scotland , also called Matilda, married King Henry I of England
      Mary of Scotland , married Eustace III of Boulogne
    • Malcolm II (b. c. 954--d. Nov. 25, 1034), King of Scotland from 1005 t o 1034, the first to reign over an extent of land roughly correspondin g to much of modern Scotland. Malcolm and his brother Donald were car ried off an d raised at the English court of their grandfather Siward . Malcolm succeeded to the throne after killing his predecessor, Kenn eth III, and allegedly secured his territory by defeating a Northumbri an army commanded by Uchtred, son of Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland , at the battle of Carham (c. 1016); he not only confirmed the Scottis h hold over the land between the rivers Forth and Tweed but also secur ed Strathclyde about the same time, defeating the Danes in 1017. He la ter had a code of laws published. Eager to secure the royal successio n for his daughter's son Duncan, he triedto eliminate possible rival c laimants, but Macbeth, with royal connections to both Kenneth II and K enneth III, survived to challenge the succession. He was murdered 25 November 1034. [ Ref: Encyclopaedia Britannica CD, 1997, MALCOLM II; R oderick W. Stuart,Royalty for Commoners,3rd ed., Genealogical Publishi ng Company,Baltimore MD, 1998]. At least one reference indicates tha t Malcolm died at the Battle of Alnwick.

      Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (anglicised Malcolm III) (bet. 1030 - 1038 - 13 November 1093) was King of Scots. He was the eldest son of Donnch ad mac Crínáin. While often known as Malcolm Canmore, the earliest epi thet applied to him is Long-Neck. It appears that the real Malcolm Can more was this Máel Coluim's great-grandson Malcolm IV. Máel Coluim's long reign, spanning five decades, did not mark the beginning of the S coto-Norman age, nor can Máel Coluim's reign be seen as extending the authority of Alba's kings over the Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaeli c northand west of Scotland. The areas under the control of the Kings of Scots did not advance much beyond the limits set by Máel Coluim ma c Cináeda until the 12th century and 13th century. Máel Coluim's main achievement is often thought to match that of Cináed mac Ailpín, in co ntinuing a line which would rule Scotland for many years, although hi s role as "founder of a dynasty" has more to do with the propaganda o f his youngest son David, and his descendants, than with any historica l reality.

      Máel Coluim's father Donnchad became king in late 1034, on the death o f Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Donnchad's maternal grandfather. Donnchad' s reign was not successful and he was killed by Mac Bethad mac Findlái ch on 15 August 1040. Although William Shakespeare's Macbeth presentsM áel Coluim as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears tha t Donnchad was still young in 1040, and Máel Coluim and his brother Do mnall Bán were children. Máel Coluim's family did attempt to overthro w Mac Bethad in 1045, but Máel Coluim's grandfather Crínán was killed in the attempt. John of Fordun's account, which is the original sourc e of part at least of Shakespeare's version, claims that Máel Coluim' s mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria, but an earlier ki ng-list gives herthe Gaelic name Suthen. Based on Fordun's account, i t was assumed that Máel Coluim passed most of Mac Bethad's seventeen y ear reign in theKingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confesso r. If Máel Coluim's mother took her sons into exile, she is now though t to have gone north, to the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Ork ney, an enemy of Mac Bethad's family, and perhaps Donnchad's kinsman b y marriage. An English invasion in 1054, with Earl Siward in command, had as its goal the installation of Máel Coluim, "son of the King of t he Cumbrians (i.e. of Strathclyde)". Malcolm ws able to excert his inf luence over part of Scotland after the battle of Dunsinnan Hill near P erth when Malcolm was supported by Siward. This Máel Coluim, perhaps a son of Eógan II ofStrathclyde, disappears from history after this br ief mention. He has been confused with Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, but Mac Bethad was not killed by the English in 1054, but in 1057 and by t he Scots.

      Máel Coluim first appears in the historical record in 1057 when variou s chroniclers report the death of Mac Bethad at Máel Coluim's hand, pr obably on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan, between Aboyne and Banchory. Ma c Bethad was succeeded by his step-son Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin, whow as crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killedb y Máel Coluim, "by treachery," near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After thi s, Máel Coluim became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058 , although only Marianus Scotus reports this. If Orderic Vitalis ist o be relied upon, one of Máel Coluim's earliest actions as may have be en to travel south to the court of Edward the Confessor to arrange ama rriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret. If such an agreement was mad e in 1059, it was not kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion o f Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered. Equally, Máel Co luim's raids in Northumbria may have been related to the disputed "Kin gdom of the Cumbrians," reestablished by Earl Siward in 1054, which wa s under Máel Coluim's control by 1070.

      The Orkneyinga saga reports that Máel Coluim married the widow of Thor finn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg a daughter of Finn Arnesson. Although Ingib iorg is generally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is poss ible that she died much earlier, around 1058. The Orkneyinga Saga reco rds that Máel Coluim and Ingibiorg had a son, Donnchad, who was laterk ing. Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, assu med that Donnchad was illegitimate, which is no more than propagandare flecting the need of Máel Coluim's descendants by Margaret to undermin e the claims of Donnchad's descendants, the Meic Uilleim. Máel Coluim' s son Domnall, whose death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned byth e author of the Orkneyinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born toIng ibiorg.

      Máel Coluim's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north an d west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an advise r to Harald Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then mad e an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been an other recommendation for the match. Máel Coluim enjoyed a peaceful rel ationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his step-sons,t he Thorfinnssons Paul and Erlend. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strifewi th Norway but this is probably misplaced as it names Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Máel Coluim's deat h.

      Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinsson when the Northumb rians drove him out, Máel Coluim was not directly involved in the ill- fated invasion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, whic h ended in defeat and death at battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1068, heg ranted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Nor mandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edwar d the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margare t and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbri a. The exiles were to be disappointed if they had expected immediate a ssistance from the Scots.

      In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt int he north. Even though Cospatrick and Siward's son Waltheof submittedb y the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estrid sson ensured that William's position remained weak. Máel Coluim decide d on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines , wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot , to Wearmouth. There Máel Coluim met Edgar and his family, who werein vited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bough t off with a large Danegeld, Máel Coluim took his army home. In repris al, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return , the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's poss ession were concentrated. Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on the ir way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scot land, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Máel Coluim had marrie d Edgar's sister Margaret, the future Saint Margaret of Scotland.

      The naming of their children represented a break with the traditionalS cots Regal names such as Máel Coluim, Cináed and Áed. The point of nam ing Margaret's sons, Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfathe r Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edga r the Peacable was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure. Whether the adoptionof the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (eithe r for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great) and the biblical D avid for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition tha t William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the d ifficulties of excessive repetition of Anglo-Saxon Royal names, (anoth er Edmund had preceded Edgar), is not known. Margaret also gave Máel Coluim two daughters, Edith, who married Henry I of England, and Mary , who married Eustace III of Boulogne.

      In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position aga in secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Má el Coluim met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxo n Chronicle "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Donnchad a s a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar. Accepting th e overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, previous kin gs had done so without result. The same was true of Máel Coluim; his a greement with the English king was followed by further raids into Nort humbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing o f Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead. In 1080, William sent his son R obert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the N orthumbrians. Máel Coluim again made peace, and this time kept it foro ver a decade. Máel Coluim faced little recorded internal opposition,wi th the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, f or the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says tha t in 1078: Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Má el Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himsel f escaped with difficulty. Whatever provoked this, Máel Snechtai surv ived until 1085.

      When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Má el Coluim did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of RobertC urthose which followed. In 1091, however, William Rufus confiscated Ed gar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Máel Coluim marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunde r, but to besiege Newcastle, built by Robert Curthose in 1080. Thisapp ears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the Ri ver Tweed to the River Tees. The threat was enough to bring the Englis h king back from Normandy, were he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Máel Colui m withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Máel Colui m was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling an d Robert Curthose whereby Máel Coluim again acknowledged the overlords hip of the English king.

      In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Sco ts controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that Willia m Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasant s in the surrounds was the cause. However, it is unlikely that Máel Co luim did control Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estate s granted to Máel Coluim by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his mai ntenance when visiting England. Máel Coluim sent messengers to discus s the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Máel Coluim trav elled south to Gloucester, stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daugh ter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Máel Coluim arrived there on 24A ugust 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English barons. This Máel Coluim ref used to accept, and returned immediately to Scotland.

      It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war, but,a s the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came: For this reason therefo re they parted with great dissatisfaction, and the King Malcolm return ed to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, an d came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ...

      Máel Coluim was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret andp robable heir-designate (or tánaiste). Even by the standards of the tim e, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh. Whilema rching north again, Máel Coluim was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Ear l of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13Nov ember 1093. There he was killed by his god-sib Arkil Morel, steward o f Bamburgh Castle. Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Marg aret, we are told, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths . The Annals of Ulster say:

      Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son , were killed by the French i.e. in Inber Alda in England. His queen,M argaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days. Máel Colui m's body was taken to Tynemouth for burial. It may later have been reb uried at Dunfermline Abbey in the reign of his son Alexander or perhap s on Iona.
    • [v37t1235.ftw]

      Facts about this person:

      Fact 1April 25, 1058
      Acceded-Scone Abbey, Perthshire

      Fact 2
      Interred: Escorial, Madrid, Spain
    • GIVN Malcolm III
      SURN Canmore
      NSFX King of Scotland
      AFN 8XJB-53
      _PRIMARY Y
      DATE 9 SEP 2000
      TIME 13:15:43
    • Malcolm III (1058-93)
      Malcolm Canmore ('great head' or 'chief') was the eldest son of Duncan I. After his father's death, he found refuge in England with his uncle Siward of Northumbria, where he stayed for more than 14 years. His first wife was Ingibjorg, widow of Earl Thorfinn of Orkney. She died, and in about 1070 he married Margaret, great-niece of King Edward the Confessor of England. She had sought refuge in Scotland with her brother, Edgar the Atheling (Anglo-Saxon heir to the English throne), when William I excluded him from the English succession. Margaret had a strong influence over her husband, who revered her piety and secretly had jewel-encrusted bindings made for her religious books, which he himself was unable to read, never having learned to do so. He also substituted Saxon for Gaelic as the court language. According to Margaret's biographer, she corresponded with Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, brought Benedictine monks to Dunfermline and did away with local usages in the Scottish Church. Margaret also began building what was later to be known as St Margaret's Chapel, situated on the highest part of Edinburgh Castle.
      Malcolm was determined to extend his kingdom southwards and take advantage of the upheaval caused by the Norman Conquest. Making the excuse that he was supporting the claim to the English throne of his brother-in-law Edgar Atheling, Malcolm invaded England five times (he was a formidable warrior-king, having killed his two predecessor kings). Three times defeated, Malcolm was forced under the treaty of Abernethy in 1072 to become 'the man' of the English king and give up his son Duncan as a hostage. Malcolm and his eldest son were finally killed in battle at Alnwick, Northumberland on 13 November 1093, aged about 62. His wife died when they brought her the news at Edinburgh Castle. She was canonised in 1249.

      After Malcolm's death, the frontier between the kingdoms of Scotland and England was clearly defined for the first time. Anglo-Norman influence in Scotland was promoted by the subsequent marriages of Malcolm's sons to English brides.

      Source: Official Website of the British Government
    • Found Refuge In England With Uncle Siward Of Norhumbria When Father Died. Never Learned To Read.
      Substituted Saxon For Gaelic As The Court Language.

      Alias: Canmore/Ceanmohr or big/great head or chief

      Some sources list his death in 1098.
      Slayed MACBETH (see Shakespeare).
      According to SCOTTISH ORIGINS by Robert M. Gunn
      (http://www.clan.com/history/features/origins/4.html):
      "Malcolm III grew up in exile in England and spoke English as his primary tongue. He also visited Normandy, made friends there, and was also under their influence...He married Margaret, an English Princess who had taken refuge in Scotland along with her brother Edgar the Æþeling, after the Norman conquest of England begun in 1066." Mael Coluim Ceann Mora (Canmore-the Great Ruler), was King of Scots, 1058-1093. He killed mac Beth in 1057. He gave refuge to Eadgar Eadweardsson in 1066. In 1072 he paid homage to Willelm le Bastard, but made five raids into northern England over the next few years. He was killed on the last of these raids in 1093.

      Among his contributions was the establishment of primogeniture, succession by the eldest son. Prior kings were chosen by tanistry, the Celtic custom of choosing the ruler by election from the male heads of septs, or from all the males of a clan. This change greatly stabilized the political atmosphere by clearly identifying the successor.

      [Sargent.FTW]

      EDWARD THE CONFESSOR U. OF CAL. PRESS

      Alias: /Longneck/
      Died at siege of Alnwick Castle [91502.ftw]

      [Direct Linage1.FTW]

      Ruled 1057-1093
      Note:
      Malcolm III CANMORE (b. c. 1031--d. Nov. 13, 1093, near Alnwick, Norþhumberland, England.), king of Scotland from 1058 to 1093, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom.

      The son of King Duncan I (reigned 1034-40), Malcolm lived in exile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned 1040-57). Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by Willelm le Bastard, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Æþeling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later Saint Margaret), became his second wife.

      Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of Willelm in 1072 but nevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raids into England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by the forces of King Willelm II RVFVS (reigned 1087-1100). Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeeded to the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097-1107), Alexander I (1107-24), and David I (1124-53). [Encyclopædia Britannica CD '97]

      According to Brian Tompsett, "interred at Escorial, Madrid, Spain."

      Malcolm III built Kindrochit Castle, Braemar, Aberdeenshire between 1057-1093.
      Note:
      What's with these death dates? Malcolm, his wife and two sons all died within 3 days of one another. Was there an overthrow? A plague? Interesting. Oops, just looked it up: Malcolm was assassinated in 1093 (apparently along with his wife and two sons), replaced by Donaldbane, who was deposed by Duncan II, (assassinated) replaced by Donaldbane (again) who was again deposed, this time by King Edgar. Duncan I was assassinated by Macbeth (as described by Shakespeare). All in all an astonishingly stormy period:

      Duncan I 1034-1040 assassinated
      Macbeth 1040-1057 assassinated
      Lulach 1057-1058 died
      Malcolm III 1058-1093 assassinated
      Donaldbane 1093-1094 deposed
      Duncan II May-Nov 1094 assassinated
      Donaldbane (again) 1094-1097 deposed
      Edgar 1097-1107 died
      Alexander I 1107-1124 [son of Malcolm III]
      David (Saint) 1124-1153 d. [son of Malcolm III]
      Malcolm IV 1153-1165 d. [son of Malcolm III]

      Begs the question--why was their daughter Margaret left unscathed? 7 years later, she married Henri Beauclerc the king of England. Why Alexander, David (Saint) and Edgar, all left alive, who went on to become kings of Scotland in their own right?
      [Claypoole--Dic Davis Royal Line to Add.ged]

      Malcolm III Canmore, King Of Scotland was crowned at Scone, 17 March
      1057/8 was slain while besieging Alnwick Castle.
      Buried Holy Trinity Church, Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland

      Source: 'Ancestrial Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England between 1623 and 1650', 1969, Frederick Lewis Weis, p 111. 'Royalty for
      Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 2.

      According to records he Killed MacBeth [JamesLinage.FTW]

      [1748129.ged]

      Ruled 1057-1093[JamesLinage.ged]

      [1748129.ged]

      Ruled 1057-1093
    • Known as a swaggering bully with nickname of Canmore (Bighead). Married the widow of Thorfinn (Earl of Orkney) in about 1060. He became an enemy of William the Conqueror when he married Margaret, sister of Edgar Atheling, the Saxon heir. William forced Malcolm to recognize him as his overlord. Under the influence of wife Margaret, he became a mature individual with strong respect for his wife's Christian beliefs. Was killed by Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland.
      The son of King Duncan I (reigned 1034-40), Malcolm lived in exile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned 1040-57). Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. After the conquest of England by William the Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his second wife.
      Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of William in 1072 but nevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raids into England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by the forces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087-1100). Malcolm III built Kindrochit Castle, Braemar, Aberdeenshire between 1057-1093.
      Malcolm Canmore ('great head' or 'chief') was the eldest son of Duncan I. After his father's death, he found refuge in England with his uncle Siward of Northumbria, where he stayed for more than 14 years. His first wife was Ingibjorg, widow of Earl
      Thorfinn of Orkney. She died, and in about 1070 he married Margaret, great-niece of King Edward the Confessor of England. She had sought refuge in Scotland with her brother, Edgar the Atheling (Anglo-Saxon heir to the English throne), when William
      I excluded him from the English succession. Margaret had a strong influence over her husband, who revered her piety and secretly had jewel-encrusted bindings made for her religious books, which he himself was unable to read, never having learned to do so. He also substituted Saxon for Gaelic as the court language. According to Margaret's biographer, she corresponded with Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, brought Benedictine monks to Dunfermline and did away with local usages in the Scottish Church. Margaret also began building what was later to be known as St Margaret's Chapel, situated on the highest part of Edinburgh Castle.
      Malcolm was determined to extend his kingdom southwards and take advantage of the upheaval caused by the Norman Conquest. Making the excuse that he was supporting the claim to the English throne of his brother-in-law Edgar Atheling, Malcolm invaded England five times (he was a formidable warrior-king, having killed his two predecessor kings). Three times defeated, Malcolm was forced under the treaty of Abernethy in 1072 to become 'the man' of the English king and give up his son Duncan as a hostage. Malcolm and his eldest son were finally killed in battle at Alnwick, Northumberland on 13 November 1093, aged about 62. His wife died when they brought her the news at
      Edinburgh Castle. She was canonised in 1249
      After Malcolm's death, the frontier between the kingdoms of
      Scotland and England was clearly defined for the first time. Anglo-Norman influence in Scotland was promoted by the subsequent marriages of Malcolm's sons to English brides.
    • Reign: 1058-1093
      [] TITLE: MALCOLM III CANMORE. [The Saxon & Norman Kings, by Christopher
      Brooke] Malcolm reigned (1058-93).
      [Kevin Moore ]: Here is a well-known
      descent from Adam, but only from King Josiah to Malcom III. (Adam to King
      Josiah can be found in Biblical text). Source given as: Kinship of
      Families compiled by Archibald F. Bennett.
      Josiah , King of Judah & Hamutal / Zedekiah , King of Judah / Eochaid I
      , King in Ireland & Tamal Telphi / Irial Faidh / Eithriall / Follain /
      Tighermas / Eanbotha / Smiorguil / Fiancha dh / Angus I / Maoin /
      Rotheachta / Dein (Dan) / Siorna Saeghalach / Oliolla Olchaoin /
      Giaallchadh / Nuadha Fionn Fail / Simon Breac / Muireadhach I / Fiaohach
      Bolgrach / Duach Laidrach / Eochaidh Buiglaig / Ugaine the Great /
      Cobhthach Caolbreag / Meilege / Juran Glosfathach / Conla Cruaich
      Cealgach / Oiliolla Caisfhiaclach / Eochaidh II / Angus II Rthe
      ProlificS / Fiachra / Fergus I / Manius / Dornaldel / Reuthar / Ederus /
      Conair the Great / Corbred I / Corbred II / Modha Lawha / Conaire II /
      Corbred / Eochaidh / Athirco / Findochar / Thrinklind / Fincormach /
      Romaich / Angus MacErca / Eochaid / Princess Erca & Muireadhach /
      Fergus / MacErca, King in Scotland / Dongard I (0497 - 0513) /
      Constantine I (0535 - 0570) / Aidan (0570 - 0604) / Eugene III (0605 -
      0622) / Donald I (0636 - 0650) / Dongard II (0651 - 0688) / Eugene IV (
      - 0692) / Findan (Fionn) / Eugene V ( - 0721) / Ethafind (or Aedfind),
      King of Dalriada (About 0720 - 0778) / Achaias (or Eochaid), King of
      Dalriada (About 0750 - 0819/0827) & Fegusa (Abt 0750 - ) / Alpin, King
      of Scotland (About 0778 - 20 Jul 0834) / Kenneth I, King of Scotland
      (About 0810 - 6 Feb 0859) / Constantine I, King of Scotland (About 0836
      - 0877) / Donald II, King of Scotland (About 0862 - 0900) / Malcom I
      King of Scotland (About 0897 - 0954) / Kenneth II, King of Scotland
      (About 0932 - 0995) / Malcom II, King of Scotland (About 0958 - 25 Nov
      1034) /
      Bethoc, Princess of Scotland (About 0984 - ) & Crinan (About 0980 - 1045)
      /
      Duncan I King of Scotland (About 1005 - 14 Aug 1040) & Sybilla / Malcolm
      III King of Scotland (About 1031 - 13 Nov 1093) & Margaret, Queen of
      Scotland (About 1043 - 16 Nov 1093). //
      Person Source[MAGNUS.FTW]

      Felte sin fetter Kenneth Mac Dubh ved Monievaird i 1005 og ble konge over
      Skottland.[Kopi av ROYALS.FTW]

      Reign: 1058-1093
    • He killed Macbeth in 1057, thereby avenging Macbeth's murder of his father,
      Duncan I in 1040. The killing took place at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire.
    • #Générale#note décès : tué

      #Générale#2ʻ mari d'Ingibiorge de Halland, vainquit Macbeth, tua Guillaume leroux, (Can-more=grosse-tête)

      note couple : #Générale#s:ds02.78 et 89 ; Auréjac ; Pithois.Norm.636

      note couple : #Générale#s:ds02.89 ; Bruce

      #Générale#Profession : Roi d'Ecosse du 17 Mars 1058 au 13 Novembre1093.
      Mort à la bataille d'Alnwick en Northumberland ENGLAND.
    • [alfred_descendants10gen_fromrootsweb_bartont.FTW]

      m. ATHELREDA OF DUNBAR, (40-23), his cousin. (SP I 2-3) Weis 171-21).
      "King of Scots, 1058-1093--(CP V 736 chart, VII 641-642; SP I, 1; Dunbar, 25-34, 280-281).
      Crowned at Scone, 17 Mar. 1057/8; slain while besieging Alnwick Castle, 13 Nov. 1093; m. (1) Ingibiorg, dau. of Earl Finn Arnason, and wid, of Thorfill Sigugdson, Earl of Orkney; m. (2) Dunfermline, 1068/9, MARGARET (1-22), St. Magaret of Scotland, d. 16 Nov. 1093, dau. of Prince Edward the exile and a descendant of Alfred the Great, Clovis I, Cerdic, and Hengist (?), and ancestress of the royal line of England, (CP V 736, VII 641-642; SP I 1; Dunbar 25-34, 280-281. Generations 12-21; Lang, 1901, I 56-57. For the whole line above the following sources are given by Ritson. ----and many others (Weis, 179-21)." (Wies 170)
      "Having defeated Macbeth, was proclaimed King at Scone 25 April, 1057. He appointed a Parliament at Forfor and restored the lands to the children of those who had been slain by Macbeth. He introduced the titles of Dukes, Marquises, Earls, Barons, and Knights, and created Macduff, Earl of Fife, and Patric Dunbar, Earl of March. Price Edgar Ethelin (whose wife Margaret was Malcolm's sister) being drove by tempest into Scotland, was royally entertained by King Malcolm, who protected him and many of his friends (from whom many families in Scotland are descended: against William the Conqueror, the invader of his undoubted right. This occasioned a long war between Scotland and England. He founded the Bisopries of Murray and Caithness; was slain 1093, buried at Icolmkill. His wife was Princess, dau of Prince Edward, the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, King of England, a descendant of Alfred the Great. She died of grief at the death of her husband, Nov. 16, 1093. Of their children, Mary m. Eustace, Count of Boulogne (bro. of Baldwin I, King of Jeruslem, 1100, reigned eighteen years), and had Maud, wife of Stephen, King of England (whose mother, Adela, was a dau. of William the Conqueror) Matilda m. Henry I (son of William the Conqueror) King of England and DAVID I (St. David) (YFT, pp. 47,48).
    • Burial: Holytrinitychrch, Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland
      King Malcolm - rebelled twice against MacBeth in an effort to gain the throne.

      The second attempt was more successful as Malcolm, at the head of an English Saxon army defeated and killed MacBeth while his Norwegian allies were engaged elsewhere and Malcolm ascended the throne in 1057 as King Malcolm III Ceann Mor (Canmore).

      During his 37 year reign, the first events now known as Highland Games were held on the Braes of Mar to choose the best available men to serve as his servants and soldiers. His death in battle in December 1093 and the death of his wife, several days later brought on a turbulent time which saw Malcolm's eldest son, King Duncan II murdered by Malcolm's brother Donald Bane, Lord of the Isles, in order to become king. Another son, Edgar, finally secured the throne in 1097 with the help of another English army of Saxons and Normans led by his mother's brother, Edgar Aetheling. King Malcolm III's hereditary possessions devolved on his youngest brother, Maelmare, the first celtic Earl of Atholl and on his death, the earldom passed to Malcolm III's namesake, the second son of his first marriage. This Malcolm, the younger brother of the slain King Duncan II is the recognised progenitor of the Clan.
    • --King of Scotland from 1058 to 1093, founder of the dynasty that consolidated royal power in the Scottish kingdom.
      --The son of King Duncan I (reigned 1034–40), Malcolm lived in exile in England during part of the reign of his father's murderer, Macbeth (reigned 1040–57). Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle in 1057 and then ascended the throne. Afterthe conquest of England by William the Conqueror, in 1066, Malcolm gave refuge to the Anglo-Saxon prince Edgar the Aetheling and his sisters, one of whom, Margaret (later St. Margaret), became his second wife.
      --Malcolm acknowledged the overlordship of William in 1072 but nevertheless soon violated his feudal obligations and made five raids into England. During the last of these invasions he was killed by the forces of King William II Rufus (reigned 1087–1100). Except for a brief interval after Malcolm's death, the Scottish throne remained in his family until the death of Queen Margaret, the Maid of Norway, in 1290. Of Malcolm's six sons by Margaret, three succeeded to the throne: Edgar (reigned 1097–1107), Alexander I (1107–24), and David I (1124–53).
    Person ID I6000000005029367221  Ancestors of Donald Ross
    Last Modified 27 Sep 2020 

    Father Donnchad mac Crínáin, Rí na h'Alba,   b. 15 Aug 1001, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland Find all individuals with events at this location,   d. 14 Aug 1040, Pitgaveny Find all individuals with events at this location  (Age 38 years) 
    Mother Suthen Sibylla of Scotland, of Northumbria,   b. 1009, Northumbria Find all individuals with events at this location,   d. 1070, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Mid Lothian, Scotland Find all individuals with events at this location  (Age 61 years) 
    Married 1030  Scotland Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Family ID F6000000005029270210  Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

    Family Margaret,   b. 8 Sep 1045, Castle Reka Find all individuals with events at this location,   d. 16 Nov 1093, Edinburgh Castle Find all individuals with events at this location  (Age 48 years) 
    Married 1059  Scotland Find all individuals with events at this location 
    Children 
     1. King Davíd "The Saint" mac Maíl Choluim, I,   b. Abt 1083,   d. 24 May 1153  (Age 70 years)
     2. Eadgyth,   b. 1 Jun 1079,   d. 1 May 1118, Westminster Palace Find all individuals with events at this location  (Age 38 years)
     3. Edmund mac Máel Coluim, Prince of Cumbria,   b. Abt 1071,   d. Abt 1097, Edinburgh Castle Find all individuals with events at this location  (Age 26 years)
     4. Mary ingen Maíl Coluim, Countess of Boulogne,   b. Abt 1084,   d. 31 May 1116, St Saviour's Monastery Find all individuals with events at this location  (Age 32 years)
    Last Modified 14 Mar 2021 
    Family ID F6000000003041285508  Group Sheet  |  Family Chart